Caribbean Poetry

Caribbean Voices : Living a Double life / Dual Identities. Caribbean Poetry is the expression of the constant dualistic nature of the Caribbean identity. Caribbean Poetry exemplifies a unique hybrid made from the voice of the Caribbean experience and its postcolonial English heritage but this creates an inner crisis. The inner crisis of two conflicting cultures that create further conflicting ideas of home and belonging on one hand and growth and fulfilment on the other. But it is also about the resolving of these inner issues. A life in limbo. Searching for identity in Limbo.The Carribean Voice is spoken through the Poetry of the Caribbean islands. The answer to the identity crisis can be found amongst the poetry. It’s hybridity, uniqueness and resilience are all characteristics of the poetry and therefore the poet. What does the poetry reveal about the problems of post colonial identity, including the relationships between personal identity and cultural identity and such iss ues as double consciousness and hybridity. Looking at the difficulties inherent in the postcolonial subject's attempt to formulate a new personal and national identity.Social and cultural oppression are the effects of colonialism. The aftermath, language and culture. Hybridization and double consciousness are the effects of colonization. Homelessness and exile. Living in a state of limbo. Caught between two cultures. Introduction: Living in Limbo The poetry not only addresses the issues of the Caribbean people but over time has developed into something much more. It has become philosophical and wise and this is down to its cultural experiences. The Caribbean offers us literature about the process of growth through, or in spite of, a history of exploitation and prejudice, about the turning of negatives into positives.. ’ (Burnett, 1986, Pg23) Chapter one: Home, Hybridity and Diasporic Existence – look at what the poetry tells us about the writers sense of home, national identity, cultural identity. The social and cultural oppression they faced. Chapter two: The power of Language – what does the language in the poem tell us about the identity of the poet, liberating or oppressive, close reading of the poetry.Chapter three: The future of the post colonial subject/ the aftermath of colonialism – is the identity of postcolonial subject destined to be uncertain, identity being cultural or personal? Double consciousness exile and homelessness . Taking of different cultural influences and making them whole. Poetry is a way of breaking through/ deconstructing the colonization and forming new senses of identity that is a combination of all the cultures. Taking the bits you prefer or the best bits and forming something much better out of it. Way to combat is to embrace the differences and create new forms of identity.Introduction Poetry from the Caribbean Islands has evolved remarkably. It has now developed an identity of its own despite emerg ing through the forced combining of different cultures. This new identity is belonging to the poets of the islands and this identity is resilient and clearly uniquely Caribbean. Through colonial education writers were able to take the Great Tradition of European poets and give them a new identity by changing the subject matter of the poems and experimenting with rhythms and poetic languages stemmed from the African heritage these writers uniquely possess.It becomes a magical combination of poetic prose and oral tradition that the writers use to share with the reader the experiences and realities of the Caribbean existence. What results is poetry that is able to communicate to masses of people, from different cultures, in a form so well placed that it becomes both simple and profound. The poetry not only addresses the issues of the Caribbean people but over time has developed into something much more. It has become philosophical and wise and this is down to its cultural experiences. The Caribbean offers us literature about the process of growth through, or in spite of, a history of exploitation and prejudice, about the turning of negatives into positives.. ’ (Burnett, 1986, Pg23) The poetry of these writers has a way of shedding the old skin of western thinking and emerging with a new self awareness, that comes with a new form of self expression. Carribbean poets portray via their poetry, the personal struggles they experience, of yearning to be home whilst fearing rejection and seeking their own national and cultural identity through their own displacement.Chapter Two: Language and Technique within Caribbean Poety: ‘Not Just a Pretty Verse’ Walcott’s poetry is of a high literary quality, is the success of his poetry not an example of the oppressor still containing the power of approval. Walcott represents the colonial subject adopting the style of the colonizer and his remarkable talent becomes impossible to ignore. Brathwaiteâ€℠¢s poetry rebels against Standard English and literary traditions and draws from his African heritage to express himself in a unique form, so that it cannot be compared or approved of by English traditions.Where Walcott adopts and accepts the example set by the European colonizers, Brathwaite is determined to set a new example. There is evidence of a dual identity within Caribbean poetry and it is this dual identity that supplies the poetry its richness and depth that make it uniquely Caribbean thus making it successful in terms of literary value and technique in its own right. This is evidently apparent in the works of Derek Walcott and Edward Brathwaite. Both poets utilise their colonial heritage in different ways.Walcott embraces the duality with some apprehension, but always remains graceful and loyal to his art form's indignity, he writes with dignity and recognition. Brathwaite however is the more accessible poet of the two in terms of his focus in all things historical and so cial. Brathwaite is concerned with the dilemmas of the Caribbean experience. However in spite of their differences, when viewed complimentary to each other, as opposed to compared and critiqued on their differences alone, the works of these two poets amalgamate and create a unique Caribbean voice.A voice that expresses the beauty in this new art form, a new mode of poetic expression and poetic language whilst dealing with the problems of a dual identity. The advantage of the colonial subject’s cultural hybridity would arguably be the development of language. A Caribbean writer is not only able to use Standard English to express his art but can as easily slip into the local vernacular of his native home. This invaluable skill of a multiple form of expression creates a very distinctive style and a unique elegance to the poetry.The Caribbean writer inherits the English language, which itself is a hybrid, not forgetting the Spanish or the French-based ‘patois’, and t ogether these European languages are combined and rewritten by the Caribbean poets. This gives the writers of the Caribbean a chance to develop and adapt language even further and create a new form and create a brand new poetic language which results in a unique richness that can only come from the Caribbean. Caribbean poetry can often be categorised and placed into neat sections.By sectioning off the poems in terms of their style is to ignore the importance of the embracing of their hybridity. To fully appreciate the work of the poets is to ignore the neat piles they have been placed into and listen to the voice of the poet, on an individual poem basis. To discuss the language within Caribbean poetry and the expression of Caribbean poetry it is impossible to ignore the term ‘oral tradition’. The use of this term, or more particularly the debates surrounding its literary value, is a frequently discussed topic in the study of Caribbean poetry. It is only since the 1970s that the term ‘oral tradition’ began to be consistently used in connection with the certain developments in West Indian poetry. ’ (Brown, Morris, Rohlehr, 1989, Pg1) There has always been an issue of the viability of this poetry and this leads to debates with regards to class and power. Societies have not always relied on the written to preserve their history and therefore the importance of oral tradition is crucial when trying to grasp any kind of understanding of the culture and heritage of the Caribbean.For the purpose of this essay the term ‘oral tradition’ will be used in conjunction with the words vernacular and dialect, to describe the native dialect of the poets, as and when they choose to use these forms of expression. It is the hybridity of these forms combined with the literary traditions that they are so often compared to, that will be the focus of this essay, and the benefit of its hybrid nature, not the political factors that are involv ed in its validity as an expression of poetry. Focussing on the hybridity of poetic form for now, the poet that excels in this manner is Claude Mckay.McKay’s poem’s formal style shows a clear influence of the traditional English verse, the style of the sonnet. McKay’s appreciation of literary quality is obvious. The rewriting of the sonnet to express the heartbreak of prejudice is arresting and completely enraptures its audience, ‘McKay pours old wine – brilliantly – into new bottles. ’ (Denize, Newlin, 2009, Pg100) What is remarkable about McKay is how he uses the famous verse established by his oppressors to express and communicate the sorrow of prejudice.McKay appreciates the art of poetry in a traditional literary sense yet he uses it to express the realities and emotions of subjects that are personal to him, issues of race and oppression. What is also unique about McKays sonnets is that anger and frustration runs through the poems , parallel with dignity and bravery. This combination of emotions is powerful and inspiring. The combination is achieved through a mixture of technique and chosen language.In ‘The White House’ the first two lines use the cacophonic sounds of the consonants ‘t’ and ‘s’ to portray a frustration and annoyance with the situation. ‘Your door is shut against my tightened face, And I am sharp as steel discontent;’ The cacophony effect replicates a tut sound. The next two lines however are less aggressive in tone as McKay describes his dignity despite his frustration, ‘But I possess the courage and the grace To bear my anger, proudly and unbent. ’ Traditional and vernacular style of Louise Bennett. Her authentic Carribean voice, storyteller.Humour and satire within the poetry of Louise Bennett. Brathwaite revolutionary style, experimented with rhyming patterns and shapes. It appears incomplete and as though the form has not be en established, but the poetry possesses an authority that demands the attention of the reader. Caribbean poerty written in the English language should ponly serve to strengthen a sense of identity by proving that Caribbean ideas can survive translation. There is an undeniable strength and tenacity evident in Caribbean poetry. Chapter Three : What the future holds†¦ the aftermathLinton Kwesi Johnson, younger in Jamaican heritage, Johnson would become more accessible to the Black British youth. Use of music to express his poetry. Evolved from Brathwaite’s rthymitic style. ‘to think of the world you might inherit, less in terms of the size of the estate than in the level of pollution that hangs over it’ (Markham, 1989, Pg19) A formally colonized nation can use language as an aid to progression on the path to reclaiming and recreating its own identity. Poetry is a means of negioting the conflicting cultures to achieve a positive sense of identity.Colonial educa tion should be used as a means by which to strengthen not demean your cultural heritage; a means to forge a new identity of your own. The Sonnet Tradition and Claude McKay Donna E. M. Denize and Louisa Newlin The English Journal  , Vol. 99, No. 1 (Sep. , 2009), pp. 99-105 Published by:  National Council of Teachers of English Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/40503338 Morris, Mervyn, Disappointed Guests: Essays by African, Asian and west Indian Students, ed H. Tajfel and J. L. Dawson, Oxford Uni. Press, 1965, Pg5-26.

Children of Divorce

Statistics show that each year, over 1 million American children suffer the decision made by their parents to end their relationship (Amato, 2001). Divorce may be a solution to a discordant marriage, however, for many children and their parents, tensions continue and the entire divorce process is a long, searing experience (Amato, 2001). Divorce ends the established order of family, friends, finances, work and in some cases health and well being (Amato, 2001). Divorce is the termination of the family unit, and thus, it is often characterized by painful losses. Psychologists rate divorce as one of the most stressful events in life, just below the death of a spouse (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). Divorce has been compared to getting in a life boat. The lifeboat may be the chance to escape from the terrible situation, but abandoning the ship holds little appeal because of the enormous uncertainties (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). To a child who is unable to envision possible good outcomes this can be very overwhelming. Decisions to end a relationship can be traumatic, chaotic, and filled with contradictory emotions (Amato, 2001). Research shows that children from divorce families are on â€Å"average† somewhat worse off than children who have lived in intact families (Amato, 2001). Children in divorce homes may have more difficulty in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers and more trouble getting along with their parents (Amato, 2001). With this research there needs to be an examination of what factors in divorcing families contribute to the children having difficulties and what the factors are that contribute to children’s adaptation. Children’s reactions to the decision of their parents dissolution of marriage depends on three factors (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). These factors consist of the quality of their relationship with each of their parents before the separation, the intensity and duration of the parental conflict, and the parents’ ability to focus on the needs of the children (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Divorce itself is usually not the first major change in the affected child’s life. Parental conflict before the separation often leads to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, even in preschoolers (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Children may â€Å"blame themselves for the deterioration in their parent’s relationship† (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). After the divorce children may feel that their parents have less time for them (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). Other contributing factors include increased stress, economic loss, and loss of former supports and resources (Downs, et al. , 2009). When risks are reduced or overcome children will fare better. It is important for parents to be able to support their children through divorce. Sanders and Wolchik (2011) have identified the following actions parents can do to enhance a child’s adjustment to divorce: * Prior to the separation, it may be helpful for both parents to discuss the impending divorce at a level appropriate for the child * Be available to answer questions; Read age appropriate books on divorce with your child * Reassure the child divorce is not his or her fault and let the child know that you will both continue to love him. Put child's needs first * Do not argue with other parent in front of child. * Do not expect your child to meet your emotional needs * Be consistent in your parenting; Make visitations regular and predictable Parents who are struggling themselves through the divorce may fail to be aware of these enhancements. The Wisconsin court system, when filing for divorce requires parents to attend a co-parenting class. Wisconsin has seen success in utilizing this requirement for divorcing parents with children, it often assists in the mediation process and serves as a wake-up call to parents who are not fully aware of the effects that divorce has on their children. These co-parenting classes are ways in which parents can develop effect ways to assist their children from having adverse affects from the divorce proceeds and receive supportive information of where they can receive additional help. Parents who lack the ability to support their children through this difficult situation because of their lack of parental competence or poor adjustment to the situation may have to depend on outside interventions for assisting in this process. Given that divorce has negative effects for children, the utilization of effective prevention programs has great significance in changing the outcomes of these children (Sander & Wolchik, 2011). Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) is an award winning curriculum that has helped thousands of children in the US. Since 1982 CODIP has helped children understand and accept their feelings and perceptions regarding their parents’ separation (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). The goals of the program is to minimize the emotional and behavioral problems that divorce children face, increase children’s ability to identify and express their feelings, reduce children’s anxiety, and build confidence (Pedro-Carroll, & Cowen, 1985). Individuals involved in this program have positive, supportive group environments with peers in school settings, a reduced desire to blame themselves, increase their coping skills and ability to solve problems, and have enhanced positive perceptions of themselves (Lowenstein, 2006). School personnel, community members, or parents can refer children to the program. Group leaders trained in this method will conduct group sessions that target different age ranges giving the correct information and skill-building activities (Lowenstein, 2006). Children may also be referred to therapy to help them adjust to divorce. Activities that are creative and play-based can engage children and help them safely express their thoughts and feelings. Therapy can take on the form of child-focused, residential parent-focused, nonresidential parent-focused and combined residential parent and child-focused therapy (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Child-focused programs target skills to cope with stressful divorce-related events, emotional expression skills, and interpersonal resources (e. g. parent-child relationship quality) (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Parent-focused programs target factors like parent-child relationship quality, discipline, anger management, and the quality and quantity of contact with nonresidential parents (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). There is no evidence that doing a combination of child-focused programs and parent-focused programs leads to more success than doing one (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). In order for therapy services to ef fectively treat children of divorce, a number of key issues need to be addressed. Therapy needs to address developing effective coping skills, facilitating the appropriate expression of feelings, clarifying divorce-related misconceptions, expressing anger through appropriate outlets, disengaging from parental conflict, eliminating self blame, and enhancing positive perceptions of self (Lowenstein, 2006). Studies indicate that active coping that includes problem solving and positive thinking enhances resilience among children (Lowenstein, 2006). Interventions that help children identify their unique strengths further acilitate children’s healthy adjustment (Lowenstein, 2006). Helping children express feelings of anger about the divorce through appropriate outlets is another important treatment goal. When parental conflict has been high prior to divorce and continues after divorce an effective intervention needs to involve an integrated family therapy approach (Amato, 2001). This therapy approach will assist children from disengaging from parental conflict. M any therapeutic agencies in Milwaukee are embracing therapy that is more engaging, innovative, and immersed in play to assist children of divorce. The decision to divorce is a decision being made for the children, they have no voice. Parents make the decision and children react. The court system has taken a step in the right direction by requiring parents to take a co-parenting class. Parents struggling through their own issues and fear with this change in their life often times are incapable of supporting their children the way they need. It is important that through the pain or anger parents have over their marriage ending that they see things through their child’s eyes.References Amato, P. (2001) Children of divorce in the 1990s:An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355-70. Downs, S., Moore, E., & McFadden, E. (2009). Child Welfare and Family Services; Policies and Practice, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Lebow, J. & Rekart, K. (2006) Integrated family therapy for high-conflict divorce with disputes over child custody and visitation. Family Process, 46, 79- 91 Lowenstein, L. (2006). Creative Interventions for Children of Divorce. Toronto: Champion Press. Pedro-Carroll, J.L. & Cowen, E.L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5), 603-611. Sander, I. & Wolchik, S. (2011) Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Sarrazin, J. & Cyr, F. (2007) Parental conflicts and their damaging effects on children. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 47, 77-93.

Job opportunities in performing arts Essay

The below information is a rough guide based on the information from the jobs4you website. There are over 500,000 people that work in the creative and cultural skills area of work, there are over 62,000 creative businesses in the UK, and 94% of the businesses only employ 10 people a year, so being an arts administrator is a very competitive area of work to get into. There are opportunities throughout the whole of the UK, in public and private organisations. You can get a job in theatre, concert halls, galleries, museums, exhibitions and festivals, etc. Jobs for admin are advertised in the local and national press, and through magazines such as the Arts Professional and The Stage. Qualifications Most of the employers ask for GCSEs at A-C in English and Maths, also it helps to have some relevant work experience. Some arts administrators have gone on to complete a degree, there are many degrees that offer relevant experience, for example business studies, arts management, music, drama or visual arts. The degrees normally last for 3 years, entry for a degree is normally at least two A levels. Entry for adults is a bit harder, so relevant work experience is required, for example: Administration or secretarial work, marketing or public relations, finance, performing arts, for example as a dancer or performer. Access courses are available for people that don’t have the relevant qualifications, and who would like to study a degree. In this job, many people train on the job, but they can take short courses to help develop or to produce new skills. There are many NVQs and SVQs that are relevant, these include: * NVQ/SVQ levels 3 and 4 in business and administration * NVQ/SVQ levels 2,3,4 and 5 in cultural heritage. A promotions manager in the music industry is specialised in finding any opportunities in publicity, this can be for all types of artists, for example a singer or instrumentalist. promotions managers may work with record labels and individual musicians or bands.

Creative writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Creative writing - Essay Example The Introduction of the essay appropriately identifies the features and elements of the disease in question, GSD. The authors of the article appropriately establish the role of the disease in the context of the community and society at hand. The sociological and biological elements of the disease is discussed thoroughly and three important variables are introduced: These issues are discussed critically and appropriately through the evaluation of existing data and other scientific journals. This is authoritative because the utilisation of secondary sources build on credible and established sources and it is applied appropriately to provide important guidance to an existing research (MacFarlene, et al., 2014). The critical review of concepts and theories in the introduction give way for the formulation of a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a tentative statement that is tested for its truthfulness and falsity in a research (Lam, 2013). In this paper, the writer seem to make a very vague statement which does not seem to provide a very strong hypothesis that can be used as a basis for proper theorisation. It states that â€Å"There will be a significant association between selected demographic variables and risk factors of cholilithiasis†. In symbol terms the study is to evaluate the relationship between demographic variables and risks of GSD. The independent variables are the demographic variables whilst the dependent variables are risks of GSD. However, they are not clearly defined and aligned appropriately showing some tendencies of randomness and arbitrariness in the eventual conclusion. The study utilises a cross-sectional study method. A cross-sectional study is a descriptive study in which disease and exposure statuses are measured simultaneously in a given population (Kern, et al., 2013). This comes with some inherent

The PPP (Presentation,Practice and Production) approach to language Essay

The PPP (Presentation,Practice and Production) approach to language teaching - Essay Example Semantically, language acquisition is a process through which children, or adults in cases of delayed learning or secondary language acquisition, learn to understand, speak and use words in order to communicate (Behrens, 245, 2008). This skill is an amalgamation of various other capabilities including the understanding of a vast vocabulary, phonetics, and syntax (Goodluck, 87, 1991). The use of language can either be in a form of speech i.e. vocal or in the form of sign i.e. manual. Although other animals also use language to communicate, theirs are fragments of vocabulary, which does not hold syntax and stay uniform amongst all varieties of the group. What has always been the primary focus of the studies conducted on psychology of linguistics is the process through which an infant learns to speak. ... both student and teacher learn collaboratively drawing experiences form each other and using tools like conversations, interviews and other interactive tools. Second is the cooperative learning in which interaction amongst students fosters and language instills itself through the socializing experience. Discovery-based learning lies on constructivist notions and derives its essence from the theories of Piaget and others. In this type of learning, students ask questions and inquire about several aspects of language. Then comes engaged learning in which, as the name predicts, learners engage in the language through using several tools and resources. In problem-based learning method, students learn language in chunks and in a question answer format. Examples of this would be providing scenarios and questions to students and ask them to solve the questions using the target language. Finally, the whole language approach deals with the bigger picture, the pragmatics, and semantics of knowl edge rather than the spellings and grammar. This approach ensures the understanding of the meaning of language rather than the construction of language. The technique of language acquisition under discussion is PPP. The three Ps denote Presentation, Practice, and Presentation and is a common method used for teaching language all across the world. The first P stands for Presentation. Presentation, in this context entails the introduction of the language and the context created for the acquisition to the same. At this stage, the approach is very teacher-centered and learners learn from their flaws through the feedback by their teachers. Tools like pictures, conversation and scenarios are important in assisting the learners and ease them into the language.

Define the terms constant capital, variable capital, and surplus Essay

Define the terms constant capital, variable capital, and surplus value. What role do these three factors play in the process of capital accumulation - Essay Example Moreover, capital can never exist not unless it is produced. Thus, to create capital, it must be combined with labor; in exchange with money and skill (Brewer, 1984). Capital can be claimed and its ownership transferred to a different individual. Hence, most governments have restrictions or rather regulations that limit how capital is used. Thus, this paper presents different forms of capital; constant capital and variable capital. In addition, it will discuss the surplus value in relation to capital accumulation. According to Marx (2004) constant capital refers to the part of capital that is fully represented by all the means of production, the raw materials, the auxiliary materials and labor instruments which do not undergo value alteration in the process of production. Thus, it includes the money outlay on fixed assets such as buildings, machinery and land, raw materials such as the externally purchased services and incident expenses. In addition, constant capital can be described as the proportion of capital which is invested and includes the circulating constant capital and the fixed capital. Fixed capital is a portion of constant capital that has been advanced and functions as the factors of production, in the labor category. Hence, a finished product alongside the materials that were used to create it are brought out from the production process and passed into circulation (Marx, 2004). However, the labor instruments remain intact in the sphere of production since their function expects them to be static. These static instruments that remain behind after a production procedure is complete are thus referred to as fixed capital which passes part of its value to the final product due to wear and tear. The value of fixed capital steadily decreases to a point where the labor instrument is completely worn out as a result of repeated series of production processes. The

Development of a New Snack Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of a New Snack - Case Study Example This puts pressure on the manufacturers of children's snack products to rethink their advertising and marketing strategies for this market group, and it also alters the process of product development by introducing new factors into their external environment analysis. The British Medical Association (2005) has also expressed its concern with regards to the increasing levels of childhood obesity in the country, which are a result of poor nutrition and exercise. Snacks probably of concern to the BMA as well as a result of their advertising and marketing which is targeted at children. This is supported by research conducted by the BMA (2005), the EU and the University of Strathclyde which demonstrated that marketing is influential in the decisions made to purchase particular foods. Another finding of this research was that children were not able to assess the nutritional quality of foods advertised to them, which further supported the actions of other European countries who have taken a step further by prohibiting advertising aimed at children (BMA 2005). The systematic review conducted by the University of Strathclyde highlighted that food advertising to children in the UK was higher, the food advertised was less healthy and that food promotion was affecting children's preferences, behaviour and consumption (BMA 2005). This brief summary of the UK highlights the potential prob... ing public pressure and regulation is bound to affect the external environmental analyses that are undertaken, which will adversely affect profits and revenue. To further understand the potential risks faced by children's snack product developers, it is necessary to undertake a brief analysis of the external environment in this industry. 2.0 The External Environment Analysis The external environment analysis is important for organisations as product development is often influenced by the needs of the consumer and the ability of the organisation to meet the consumers' needs (Brassington and Stephen 2005). In other words, the external environmental analysis prioritises the most important influences in the product market. For organisation involved in the production of snacks for children, the external environmental analysis is even more important, as their target market is one which does earn income, which means that the focus is then placed on those able to purchase the products, such as the parents. This analysis also defines the scope for the organisation, with which they can influence the needs of children by targeting their parents and other channels which children are often exposed to. Therefore it would follow that parents and marketing channels will prove to be the most influential in meeting their goals. However, recent consumer and government pres sure is forcing children's snack producers to re-evaluate their external environment analysis. As the analysis will focus on external influences, the most appropriate tool is the PEST analysis which stands for Political, Economic, Social and Technology (Sullivan and Adcock 2002). 3.0 Children's Snack Product Market In the UK advertising snack products to children has fallen by approximately 15%, which

Technical report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technical report - Research Paper Example The human dependence on electricity has been increasing dramatically at a huge rate. The amount of electricity, which we depend on every day, is unlikely to go down in the coming years rather its demand is expected to increase. The period of the industrial revolution provided several technologies that required burning fossil fuels for them to work properly. In modern world, most of the energy used in powering all the equipment emanate from fossil fuel combustion. Fossil fuel energy is derived from oil, natural gas, and coal. These fuels are combusted to produce energy in the form of electricity for use. The burning of fossil fuels does have detrimental effects on the environment. Once burned, they release greenhouse gasses and other air pollutants into the atmosphere. Eventually, the continuous use of fossil fuels will eventually deplete its supply throughout the world. On the other hand, the use of renewable sources is a good alternative but its energy supply cannot meet the demand of the growing population and usage. In the interest of preserving the natural environment and consequently maintaining the fossil fuel supply globally, alternative methods of energy must be looked at. These alternatives must provide adequate electricity to meet the demand and minimize the damage to the natural environment. Despite the negative image of the nuclear energy as a source of electricity, the use of nuclear energy may be the most efficient and realistic source of meeting the ever-increasing demand for power globally. In today’s world, global warming is a major issue that affects several people, economies, animals and the entire society. Over the past years, Global warming has been rising because of the increase in its major contribution such as industrialization, fossil fuel burning, increase in greenhouse gasses and increasing population (Nuclear Energy Institute, 2009, September). For several years, arguments and debates have been raging on how to

3D printing lub Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3D printing lub - Research Paper Example Groups face numerous challenges as they seek to achieve their objectives. Some groups lack unity of purpose. A group that is not committed to a common objective cannot achieve its intended goals. According to Argris (2010), such a group may be characterized by low performance because members do not have collective obligations towards achievement of common objectives. 3D printing club’s organizational culture is defined as the behaviors and values that contribute to the unique psychological and social environment of an organization. These include the organization’s experiences, expectations, values and philosophy. These attributes are exhibited in its interactions with the outside life, inner workings, future expectations, and its self-image. They are based on shared customs, attitudes, beliefs, and unwritten and written rules. Organizational culture depends entirely on the structure of the 3D printing organization (Purdue University, 2013). This paper focuses on 3D prin ting organization at Purdue University. 3D printing club aims to push and show Purdue individuals about the plans and practices of an alternate amassing system called three-dimensional printing. The club will offer a dynamic experience with this enhancement. It offers understudy training knowledge on active and administrations that are offered throughout workshops. These include 3-D printing, nimble manufacturing, rapid prototyping, direct advanced assembling, prototyping and other related points and making of completed item (Purdue University, 2013).

Nonviolent video game Essay Example for Free

Nonviolent video game Essay Video games originated as a new form of relaxation back about 30 years ago, with the first ones being just basic ideas and basic goals. But as time has gone on they have grown into a far greater thing spanning to all walks of like. There are hundreds of ways to help alleviate the stress you experience every day, so Im going to focus on one that many of you may not have considered before: video games. If youre in a stressful situation that you cant avoid, its important to take a time out and give your mind a break so you can avoid the exhaustion stage of stress. Even if you take a 30 minute break, you can help re-boot your brain and return to your work more focused. Now the question is what do you do for 30 minutes? Play a video game of course! Any game you play will give your mind something to do so that youre not dwelling on your stressor while you take your break with the added satisfaction of doing something enjoyable. If youre not a gamer, dont worry! There are tons of games that you can get for free online or as apps for your phone that can help you relax after a tough day and blow off some steam. If youre already a gamer, you may never have thought about games as a means for stress relief. A study recently performed by a Texas AM International University professor suggests that even violent video games can reduce depression and hostile feelings in young adults. This study focused on violent games (such as Call of Duty) and young adults so the results obviously dont apply to everyone however anyone can find a game that will suit their wants and needs in order to see the benefits. Here are some tips for picking the right game for you: Tip 1: Consider your time/money budget. If you can only spare 30 minutes or price is a concern, then look for free apps on your phone or games on the internet. On your app-enabled phone, check out the games section and sort the games by price to see the available free games. Tip 2: If youre new to games, pick something that suits your other interests. For example, if you like to read fantasy books, try playing a fantasy game. If you often get angry when you are stressed, try a shooter game. Killing zombies and aliens is a great way to release some anger. Tip 3: Keep it simple, especially if you are already a gamer. If your favorite game also makes you want to throw your controller sometimes, then its probably not the best choice for a stress-relief activity. If you are new to games, pick something with simple controls such as mouse only games, or motion controlled games like on the Wii. Tip 4: Have fun! The whole point of using games as a stress reliever is to re-vitalize your brain and keep your stressor at bay, for a while anyways. Application: When you are stressed you can just start playing a game and get lost in it for hours This is a technique that can be used alone or with friends Conclusion : Everyone enjoyed playing Mario in class. It was a fun experience.

Examining Cross Cultural Communication In Organizations Cultural Studies Essay

Examining Cross Cultural Communication In Organizations Cultural Studies Essay Cross-cultural communication also referred to as intercultural communication which is a subset of organizational communication, and comprises verbal and non-verbal communication. This in turn involves transfers of information and knowledge between individuals in the organization with significantly different people in different languages and from different cultures. We define cross-cultural communication as a subject which focuses on the communicative activities of people from different cultural background and the essence and rules of the communicative activities (Jia, 1997, 563). Many cultures have their own etiquette when communicating. Communication can only be succeeded if messages are appropriately delivered and received. Especially in cross-cultural communication, two-sides of peoples are from two different countries with different culture, custom, thoughts and languages. This would make a successful communication more difficult to be reached. Miscommunication may lead to conflict, or more serious conflict that already exists. Therefore, it is important to explore the problems of cross-cultural communication, and the problems of deducing those rules of communicative appropriateness that are applied in the other culture. Furthermore, much discussion has focused on differences international negotiating styles. However, there is little attention to examine how and what degree language plays a significant role in a cross-cultural communication. Unfortunately, some monolingual experts believe that any languages can be completely transferred into another language. According Geoff Hart, 2007: Effective and good communication is very important to all organization. In todays business environment, in order to communicate with the outside world, it is essential to have successful communication skills in workplace. Cross-cultural communication in the workplace compounds certain problems. There is lack of interaction in the field of communication among individuals in the organization with significantly different ethnographic profiles. In addition, words imply different meaning in different languages. Much cross-cultural communication in workplace and worker within limited English speaking abilities and their cultural differences leads to misunderstanding and tension at the workplaces. Thus, business is taken very seriously in many cultures that often show up in the workplace. Misunderstandings and miscommunication can cause and enhance conflict in workplace. Within cross-cultural communication, our seemingly normal approaches to meaning-making and communication will never be clear enough that we can see them for what they are which is a set of lenses that shape what we see, hear, say understand, and interpret. Culture is linked to communication and a wide range of human experience including feelings, identity, and meaning-making. Communication is the vehicle by which meanings are conveyed and feelings are expressed. Both conflict and harmony are possible outcomes of any interaction as we communicate using different cultural habits between workers. According Charlotte-Mecklenburg Development Board (WDB), 2002: Cultural barriers between different cultures often cause much frustration, annoyance, and lead to problems that erode efficiency and effective in daily life. The biggest barriers to cross-cultural communication refer to language difficulties. Cultural barriers and language cannot be divided. This is because language carries the information of language and culture. Every kind of language is created and developed in a certain historical circumstance of society. Therefore, Language reflects the feature of nation. It contains not only the historical cultural background of this nation, but also the view of life, the way of life and the way of thought of this nation (Xiao, 1997:159). Some problem increase which are barriers caused by semantics, barriers caused by word connotations, barriers caused by tone differences and barriers caused by differences between perceptions. Barriers caused by semantics word meaning. As weve noted previously, words mean different things to different people. This is particularly true for people from different national cultures. Some words cannot translate and imply to English and special meaning to different people from different cultures. It is reflects the differences of culture most extensively. For example, to conduct business in Korea, you must understand the concept of Kibun, which does not translate into English. Its meaning is something similar to inner feelings or mood: people must communicate in a manner to enhance one anothers Kibun or risk creating an enemy and destroying the relationship (Mary Munter, 1993). Barriers caused by word connotations or implication of words. On the other hand, the meaning extent of a word and the connotation of future are not complete equivalent between different cultures. Negotiations between English and Japanese executive, for instance, are made more difficult because the Japanese word iie translates as no, but its connotation may be no, Im not studying, rather than No, I disagree. Barriers caused by tone differences or the mood or feeling your words convey. The tone changes depending expression of slang, feelings, emotions and thought. Slang may lead barriers to communication. For example, a conversation demonstrative between A and B dealing with slang. A: Will you really join? B: You kill me. It is very confuse for different people to understand the conversation because the sentence of B is slang. It means (If I wont join,) you kill me. The sentence of A is more polite while the sentence of B is more offhand. In some cultures tone is usually more formal, whereas in others it is more informal; in some it is more polite, in others more offhand; in some more impersonal, in others more personal; in some more dry, in others more colorful ( Mary Munter, 1993). Barriers caused by differences between perceptions. People who speak different languages from different cultures look into the world in different ways. Every country perceive different perceptions. PROBLEM THAT FACED IN CULTURES CONTEXT Any communication relies on the context in which it takes place, (Victor, 1992, 137). Some cultures rely on the context of communication much more than others. Contexting refers to the circumstances surrounding the exchange. To make an effective and successful communication, every people have to consider the cultural differences and the preeminent communication process in individualistic. Cultures context refers to high context and low text communication. High context refers to societies or groups where people have close connections over a long period of time while low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some specific reason. High contexts cannot carry the context information internally and hard to enter if as an outsider. Instead, low contexts are easy to enter if as an outsider because the environment contains the information and form relationships. The exchange of information between workers from high-context and low-context has to work together in cultural context occur the problems. These problems can be categorized as differences in direction, quantity and quality. High-context cultures like China adapt to their close friends, relatives and also to colleagues or in-group members at differences in direction employees. They communication with them mightily and exchange specific information regarding many different talks and topics. In comparison, like Germany, their direction of communication is orientated on personal characters and referred to situations as direction difference. They mostly communicate within their out-groups in a broad and dispersedly way as quantity difference. They exchange information through communication just to the necessary extent so that work can be done and will not discuss or exchange information in the work environment and colleagues as quality difference. In China, the workers discuss everything in advance and consider meetings where the already commonly agreed decision will be announced. The Germans in contrast inform the participating attendants in a meeting about the hard and necessary facts. The decision-making process takes place within the meeting. Besides this, communication is also related to appearance such as clothes and accessories. In cross-communication cultural, these is relating to the context including formal and informal, status and individuality. In Islam, Muslim women are expected to cover in their entirety including the face, except for their eyes, while in Western countries most women, even in a business context, will wear smart attire. Western cultures tend to gravitate toward low-context starting points, while Eastern and Southern cultures tend to use high-context communication.

The View of Personal Responsibility for Health

The View of Personal Responsibility for Health INTRODUCTION The connection between freedom and responsibility progressed as a topic on healthcare issues for individuals, families, society and environment. It also includes the factors about the functions of healthcare workers and other contributors that affect health, like issues on how to implement government programs, wherein in other settings there is lack of support from the community members. And the question lies on who is to be blamed when health problems arises. People should remain liable for their own choices, and there are identified factors which are outside the human control where in people become sick caused by environmental predicament. And the outcome of these problems at times they put on the faults to society. Despite of the impressive disagreement, there are assertive evidence why this health responsibility has been lowered to the framework of family and society, within the background of political as societal affairs that functions as one of the providers of healthcare in an y setting. The article â€Å"Responsibility for health: Personal, Social and Environmental gave me a question about who are really responsible for our own health? I contemplate all the factors involved, and in my own proposition, we are responsible for our own actions and health consequences. Justifying the case of those people who are physically challenged or mentally incapacitated. On their case support from the community, aside from the family is needed, that is why the government has a fund and program for that sector or member of the community, it is part of the government to provide the necessary steps for them to be back on the right track of healthy living, which cannot be given by themselves, and the healthcare workers will be on their side to perform the health plans for them. But for those who are able and have a clear mind on what is going on, then the decision to have a better health lies on their own hand. It is our own choice for whatever we want in our lives, we are accountable for our own health, we have the agency to exercise whatever judgement we make as our choice for personal health and safety, and we do recognized the bou ndaries wherein our body will be at risk or can still tolerate the elements or substances that, are being advised to consume minimally or avoid completely. And for me the social side, there responsibility is only for us to be warned about the good or bad effects of any substance available, and to provide support in times health concern arises. Its main responsibility for health is to promote and implement programs that can provide optimum health to individuals. Being funded by the government both nationally and locally, its focus mainly to avoid and eliminate potential health risk, and detection of any possible occurrence of any health issues that will affect the individuals and community as a whole. Health funds derived from taxes were used by health government organization. The benefits include in the public health are the free hospitalization within 24 hours emergency and clinic interventions, laboratory test, dental and immunization, and also subsidy for prescribed medicines. The government also provide assurance that health practitioners are registered with them and fully competent in the practice of their profession. Environment can only be responsible when both personal and social fails to perform the responsibilities they should be doing, such as pollution. Hazardous waste materials must be disposed properly and possible health effect or consequences should be eliminated. All programs for the maintenance of clean environment must be strictly implemented and the rule for a clean surroundings must be enjoyable exercised by the people involved. An environmental health issue can only be experienced due to lack of function and concern to health programs, of both individuals and the society itself. Our greatest hope for minimising the burden of preventable disease and death around the world is through Health behaviour change. Tobacco smoking, less active lifestyle, not healthy diet, and alcohol consumption together account for almost one million deaths each year in the United States alone, for example. The World Health Organisation has cautioned that the global scattered of the tobacco widespread could claim one billion lives by the end of this millennium. The rising frequency of childhood corpulence could place the New Zealand at risk of rearing the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst generation of youngsters to live sickly and die very young than their parents, and the widespread prevalent of fatness among youngsters and mature individuals threatens surprising worldwide health and economic charges. The leading behavioural risks factors are non-compliance to prescribed medical examinations and preclusion and illness management activity, unsafe sex, drug application, family and gun foul play, worksite and motor vehicular accidents) say unequal charges in low-paid jobs and less privileged racial and ethnic populace, as well as in scarce-resource societies all over the globe. Taking these behavioural dangers and distinctions, and the behaviours associated to universal health risks, such as influenza virus outbreak, water scarceness, more harmful ultra violet exposure, and the obligation to guard the health of mother earth itself, will be crucial to global health in this century. There are clinically proven studies for most major behavioural health threats, enclosing tobacco smoking, not healthy diet, unbalanced lifestyle, too much drinking, and diabetes care guidance. There are similar research study instructions for the health care system switches and procedures needed to make sure their efficiency. New society application procedures propose another research study recommendations for a wide array of populace-level, education-, workplace-, and society-based agenda and non-private procedures to develop jab rates and bodily activity requirements for youngsters and mature ones, enhance diabetes self-care guidance, minimise dangerous sun vulnerability, stop second-hand smoke inhalation, eradicate youth tobacco consumption and help mature smokers to quit, minimise workplace and motor vehicular accidents, and reckless drunk driving and family and gun foul play. The restricted power of even our most effective distinct health behaviour precautions, based on studies emphasizing intrapersonal and interpersonal factors of health behaviours, clearly resulted to an exclusive reliance on distinctly oriented precautions would not be enough to reach our critical populace health and health care objectives. These deficiencies led to a basic â€Å"paradigm shift† in our comprehension of what the goals of efficient precautions wanted to be, not just everyone but the full contexts in which they work and live. This movement catalysed the increase of environmental models of health development that have guided the improvement of influential precautions in non-private health and health care facilities. Similar movements in the models and schemes of public health and clinical health advancement opened the way for even wider populace models that link health goals and public health groups, societies, clinical and health care professionals. The Chronic Car e Model proclaimed by the Institute of Medicine and the related structure raised by the World Health Organization as examples. And these structures stimulated works to polish and pertain paradigmatic and principles to interpret efficient clinical and public health programs into application and procedures, enclosing the scattering of innovations model, society and association change principles, and socio-marketing and communications principles. Mega parallel increases in what we have educated about the patterns, procedures and limitations of non-private health improvement and health care quality development from the past three decades describe the basic assumption of this and prior versions of Health Behaviour and Education that an exchange varies between proposition, investigation, and application is crucial to efficient health literacy and advancement. The major principles and examples of health literacy at many levels are: personage, interpersonal, peer groups, society, non-private policy; and in a wide array of settings and populace. Analysis is one of the new exertions to comprehend quickly about â€Å"what generates† by estimating grassroots labours in schools and societies over the nation and the planet to carry out agenda, policies, and ecological shifts to restrain the increase in children obesity as an example as a whole. CONCLUSION: In general, to balance the responsibility between the society and the family, both must recognize its functions to health programs. The society must provide the necessary things for the implementation of care, this involves the healthcare benefits that are subject to be distributed to each member of the society, like medical check-up, free medicine, clean food and drinking water, sanitary project to eliminate pollution, immediate response in any infectious cases, and maintain the ability to identify potential problems. And for the family, the society needs the whole support from each member; the family must participate in all health programs and be open to discuss any health issues. Individual in the family must observe health practice, it includes healthy diet and avoidance of any substances that considered as health risk, and all kinds of vices that affects healthy living. And on the other side of family healthcare protection, it is important that they should acquire health insuran ces for them to be assisted in finances regarding health concerns. Insurances provide financial support and it elevates the burden from expenses in health problems. For environment issues, proper sanitation and garbage disposal must be observed to avoid environmental difficulties. The effectiveness of any government health agenda rest on the assistance of each individual, and family member of the community covered by the program. A clean environment will produce a healthy individual and a happy family, this will stand as the symbol of safe and wholesome society. In addition, to balance all these factors, the government must provide training and proper education regarding health practice, support its workers through proper funding, remuneration and provision of entitled benefits. Individuals and businesses that contribute support for health standards must be supported. In return to this, compliance to taxation program should be followed, individual members of the family and the socie ty as a whole must support government regulation regarding its health programs. REFERENCES: Brownell, K. D. (1991). Personal responsibility and control over our bodies: when expectation exceeds reality.Health Psychology,10(5), 303. Minkler, M. (1999). Personal responsibility for health? A review of the arguments and the evidence at century’s end.Health Education Behavior,26(1), 121-141. Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., Fisher, E. B. (2008). Ecological models of health behavior.Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice,4, 465-485.

Things Fall Apart Book Report- 11 Pages Long. I Got An A :: essays research papers

Things Fall Apart Book Report 1. Title of work: Things Fall Apart 2. Author and date written: Chinua Achebe, 1959  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. Country of author: Nigeria 4. Characters: Unoka – Okonkwo’s father, Unoka, was considered lazy and a failure. He never worked and always took from others. Okonkwo considered him a complete embarrassment and vowed never to be like his father. He had to hate what Unoka once loved, and never borrow money or stop working. Okonkwo - Okonkwo is a clan leader in Umuofia. He has a large family, yet is very stubborn and known for his violent personality. He became well known through all of the seven villages by throwing â€Å"The Cat† during a wrestling tournament. Ekwefi - Ekwefi is Okonkwo's second wife. She had nine children, but each of which died at a very young age. Enzinma is her only surviving child. She is a dedicated mother and a proper wife. Ezinma – Ezinma is open-minded and understanding. She is her father’s favorite child because of those reasons. He wishes that she would have been a boy, and keeps referring to that wish throughout the course of the novel. Ikemefuna – Even though Ikemefuna is seen as the perfect son and clansman, he is still sentenced to death by the Oracle. He is a hard-working, caring character. Nwoye – In the eyes of Okonkwo, his oldest son, Nwoye, is weak and lazy from an early age. He dislikes his father because he beats him so often to make him more masculine. After the death of Ikemefuna, Nwoye becomes very depressed and later converts to the Christian faith, which makes Okonkwo disown him. Obierika – He is a close and loyal friend to Okonkwo. He is always there for him, even when he is banished for seven years, Obierika still comes to visit Okonkwo and his family in the motherland. He also takes care of the yam distribution and it’s payment because Okonkwo is unable to do so. Chielo - Chielo is the oracle who speaks to the villages as the goddess Agbala. She is very fond of Ekwefi and Enzinma. Ogbuefi Ezeudu – He is the oldest man in the tribe. He was very successful and he had won three out of the four titles that you can take in the tribe. When his funeral came, they had a great warrior celebration in remembrance of him. Uchendu – Uchendu is Okonkwo’s uncle. He welcomes Okonkwo and his family with open arms when he goes to the motherland for his seven years of punishment.

Ethics in Professional Nursing Practice Essay -- Nursing Ethical Princi

This assignment addresses the implications relating to an ethical dilemma encountered in practice using an appropriate model of reflection. The assignment will highlight ethical theories and four guiding ethical principles, such as autonomy, beneficence, paternalism and non-malificence. The two main principles that will be discussed in depth will be autonomy and beneficence and how they impact on practice. I will use Bortons (1970) reflective model, which was taken from Jasper (2003). An incident, which occurred on practice placement, involved a patient’s decision to withdraw from active treatment. It is hoped that by exploring the incident in depth, a greater understanding of moral and ethical principles will be gained. All names that will be used within the text are pseudonyms. This is to ensure confidentiality, as stated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2004). Health care professionals have a legal and moral obligation to care. They have to respect the patient’s decision even though they themselves find it difficult (Butts and Rich 2005). Decisions are not unproblematic. They have to be rationalised, as there are many dividing thoughts, which must be acknowledged. The dilemma occurred whilst on practice placement with District Nurses (DN) in the community. It involved a 72-year-old female whom we shall refer to as Clare, who made a utilitarian decision to forego active treatment. It was an autonomous decision and the DN and I had to respect her choice but we were concerned with the practicalities associated with her judgment. Attempting to relieve pain and suffering is a primary responsibility for the nurse (Butts and Rich 2005). Clare was extremely weak and she was not able to take the sta... ...nsent 1: concepts and definitions. British Journal of Nursing, 12(1), 43-47. Singleton, J., & McClaren, S. (1995). Ethical frameworks of health care. London: Mosby. Tadd, W. (1998). Ethical issues in nursing and midwifery practice. Houndmills: Macmillan Press. Thomas, A. (n.d.). Patient autonomy and cancer treatment decisions. Retrieved from http://www.internurse.com on 26th October 2005. Thompson, D. (1996). Concise Oxford Dictionary. (9th ed.). London: BCA. Thompson, R., Melia, K., & Boyd, K. (2004.). Nursing Ethics. (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Wilkinson, J. (1997). Developing a concept analysis of autonomy in nursing practice. British Journal of Nursing, 6(12), 703-707. Wilmot, S. (2003). Ethics, power and policy: The future of nursing in the NHS. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Examples of ways to establish ground Essay

Produce a briefing document for a new member of staff who will be delivering classes in your specialist area embedding functional skills. The document should demonstrate your understanding of: a) ways to establish ground rules with learners Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend Briefing document The aim of the Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend is to give people the chance to learn a few basic massage techniques and explore their interest in massage without having to commit to a full study programme. Before embarking on teaching the Intro weekend it is important to understand the need for ground rules: those already set by the organisation/ set by you, set by the learners themselves before /or during the course and rules agreed by both of you. Organisational Please read through our organisational policies & procedures including Health & Safety & Fire policy; this enables you to understand what to do in the event of a fire and to instruct your students/learners on the evacuation procedure. the syllabus gives clear objectives; lesson plans with suggested time frames, how to assess, monitor and review the achievements of the students, different methods of teaching, resources to hand (course manuals,whiteboard etc.), progression routes from beginners, anatomy & physiology through to practitioner level and also more course specific health and safety guidelines including advice on dress, jewellery, hygiene, use of equipment and the continuous observation of posture and correct stoke techniques. These provide a structure for the course for you & the students to follow, supports the diversification of learning skills (demonstration, verbal, hands on, handouts etc.) and give clear guidelines on where to go next with their knowledge. There are a maximum of 10 students per class with a mix of male & female of all ages though minimum age is 21. Due both to the  size of the room and our past experience we have found that this is an ideal number for a learning group. Requirements sent to all students at time of booking: – please arrive by 9.50am – you may wish to change into loose comfortable clothing – please bring 2 large bath towels – leave all your valuable at home i.e. we rings, necklaces, earrings etc. as we cannot be responsible for any loss or damage to these items as they will have to be removed during the class – For the comfort of the student you will be working with, please ensure your nails are short. These requirements ensure the smooth running of the course, all students having correct equipment/can learn equally and the well-being of students. Tutor set At the start of the course it is good practice to establish some basic housekeeping practices: evacuation procedures, whereabouts of toilets, suggested break/lunch times and use of mobile phones. Introduce yourself. This gives a little of your background to the students, gives them an idea of where they can go and your experience. Give a brief overview of the weekend, how it will run Review/ recap at the end of each day what they have learnt and ask if there are any questions/areas that need attention. This way give structure to the course and helps manage expectations for the students. Student led/negotiated Give students opportunity to introduce themselves Students choose to work with another student and this partner can be kept for the whole weekend or they may change. Students are more compliant when they set the rules so allow them to decide if & when they are ready to move onto the next technique or wish to review and repeat what they have already done. This way gives opportunity to learn the syllabus whilst allowing some fluidity in what pace the class moves at, allows access for everyone to learn equally and working with individual learning requirements. Understanding more about each other gives a feeling of ‘community’ or familiarity within the group so mutual respect & empathy can take place.

Founding Fathers of Psychology Essay

These four men that we are about to talk about are some of the, if not the most important people in psychology. One developed psychology as a school of thought and published the first book on the subject which opened the door for another to develop his theories. Years after the book came out another thinker was inspired to look into the human mind and this time with a more scientifically critical mind and approach, there was a common reason people had problem, he just was not positive what. This lead two of his students to move on and one focus on the individual versus what the majority has a problem with and made sure that treatment focused on them. The second looked more in depth into what naturally came into our subconscious and how that affected us and our development. These were the non-official founding fathers of psychology. This man never even practiced medicine yet, after graduating from Harvard he went on to become an influential person in psychology (Stone, 2000). In addition to many other things that William James did to help with the field of psychology, especially the psychological aspects of religion he also dabbled in the use of scientific methods to investigate the mostly untouched spiritual and psychic realm. He was also the first one to fight for psychology to be recognized as a science, everyone after him has him to thank for the distinction as a science (Croce, 2010). The way he fought was just a more unorthodox way of going about it, he did not even like to be called psychologist, in fact he preferred the term philosopher (Goodwin, 2008). He eventually developed a position that would become the foundation for the functional psychologists, this was known as pragmatism. This was based on the belief that a person had control over what they do and life changes those experiences. This lead to a book that would change the way people looked at psychology as something to take seriously, the Principles of Psychology became the first text book type publication on this subject which led to people like Sigmund Freud and others to develop their theories as well. Freud is one of the most famous of them all, when anyone thinks of psychology that has not looking in depth into its history will always think of Freud. Freud was not all the way people portray him either if something seemed to be too damaging for his patient it was stopped (Chessick, 2000). Psychoanalysis is hard on everyone on the situation because it digs deep into what makes a person act the way they do. Freud was said to have a unique approach to his patients for his time frame. He realized that when a person learns something new or experiences something new it does indeed change something about that person, he also knew that the past had something do with it and that there were layers of consciousness to a person that has an effect as well. He made them a part of their therapy and listened to what they wanted out of their therapy instead of dictating to them what they should do with themselves (Frank, 2008). He wanted his patients to be able to be free with themselves and learning their own hindrances that may keep them from doing something that they should be doing with themselves. He wanted them to be their own person and not held back by whatever has brought them to him. Freud himself focused more on assigning a general reason for people to behave the way they did which is what influenced his students to branch out. Alfred Adler joined Freud’s psychoanalytic movement in 1902, but he left the group in 1911 because of persistent disagreements with Freudian theory (Overholser, 2010). This approach that Adler created was called the Individualistic approach this approach focuses solely on the patient and what experiences have shaped them over the course of their life. This is one of the most in depth ways to psychoanalyze people, realizing the perceived flaw in Freud’s theory; he took a look at what made the individual unique and how that changed their human experience. This helps improve the one so that eventually that one will go out into society and become responsible for themselves and each other as good members of it. Adler continued to believe that Freud had made a point by looking back at ones childhood for answers but rather than focusing on the sexual root to the problem, he focused on the feelings that came out of a situation (Lafountain, 2009). For example, if one grew up afraid to take charge of situations because someone else always did it for them, they could have trouble later in life trying to be in charge of themselves or other people. After studying with Freud he went on to focus on how society affects an individual and how that individual functions in society. He believed there were three things a person needed to accomplish in life to be a healthy socially minded person. First is the task of finding how to survive, a job, maintaining ones house, the responsible things. Second is cooperating and being civil as well as respectful to society. Third are intimate relationships, having children, friends, a spouse. All three of these were crucial to being a normally functioning person in society (Lafountain, 2010). Basically a person is unique in nearly all aspects of their life and that needs to be taken into account in each and every case from psychology to teaching because not everyone is going to fit together well. Carl Jung, as with Adler was inspired and influenced by Freud in the early years of his career and as with that came the eventual disagreement and him going his separate way. He redefined some of terms that we are more familiar with today. He gave us the terms; introvert, extrovert, conscious, unconscious, collective unconscious, persona, archetype, and more importantly psyche. These were terms to simplify and classify different processes going on in the brain at any given moment, one of the other more important and less verifiable is the theory of collective unconsciousness, this is the belief that collectively humans have a psychological knowledge that they can draw on that is inherent in our genetic make-up (Carter, 2011). This was closely followed by the archetypes which without collective unconscious as a theory would not be feasible, the archetypes are what those thoughts are made up of in the collective unconscious, something like innate nature that says we are inherently supposed to fear things that would do us harm. Studying this brings out what is instinctual in humans versus what is something that they are aware of doing, much like Freud’s subconscious thought theory. Both agreed that there are things that are in humans that are unconscious and just happen and those needed to be studied and understood as well (Carter, 2010). Jungian followers believed that like Freud dreams had meaning but in Jung’s school this allowed the person analyzing the dreams to free associate the meaning based off of their own knowledge of mythology and life versus what would be from the person who is being analyzed own life. The thought was that collective unconscious would make the analyst come to the correct conclusion based on unconscious thoughts going back and forth between the two. These four individuals shaped psychology as what it is today, they both indirectly and directly influenced each other even when some of them never met and history has diminished their accomplishments. James started it all with the mind of a philosopher who enjoyed the concreteness of what science proved but also the mystery of what it left open. Freud was a philosopher who thought more as a scientist and therefore opened the idea that the brain has hidden information in it that needed to be discovered to learn what makes a person themselves. This led Jung and Adler to take his ideals and expand on them where they agreed and where they disagreed. Without them psychology would not be where it is today and you can see little bits of what they contributed throughout its history. . References  Carter, D. (2011). CARL JUNG IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. Contemporary Review, 293(1703), 441. Chessick, R. D. (2000). Psychoanalysis at the Millennium. American Journal Of Psychotherapy, 54(3), 277. Croce, P. J. (2010). Reaching beyond Uncle William: A century of William James in theory and in life. History Of Psychology, 13(4), 351-377. doi:10. 1037/a0021106 Frank, G. (2008). A response to â€Å"The relevance of Sigmund Freud for the 21st century. â€Å". Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(2), 375-379. doi:10. 1037/0736-9735. 25. 2. 375 Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Lafountain, R. (2009). Alfred Adler’s Place in the Field of Psychology. Washington, District of Columbia, US: APA Division 1, Society for General Psychology. Overholser, J. C. (2010). Psychotherapy that strives to encourage social interest: A simulated interview with Alfred Adler. Journal Of Psychotherapy Integration, 20(4), 347-363. doi:10. 1037/a0022033 Stone, A. A. (2000). Images in psychiatry: William James, 1842-1910. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1583-1583. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/220496188? accountid=35812.

Discuss the roles of language and reason in history Essay

The study of history is one in which people or communities attempt to understand the nature of humans through the study of events in the past. When we look at historiography or the writings of history, we are looking at the study of historical events that have been seen as relevant and meaningful by historians. So when we study this area of knowledge, we need to think about what affects the way we interpret it, and therefore by association, how it is taught to us. There are various components to the learning and teaching of history and perhaps the two most prominent components are language and reason; two ways of knowing. Language is fundamentally a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. This is in itself linked to reason, which is a rational motive for a belief or action. Indeed language is a powerful tool that can communicate beliefs and facts but also manipulate such facts. Language has an effect on our emotions, our perception and what we believe in and can lead to history being manipulated over generations. Therefore, it is justifiable to say that this affects our reasoning. Therefore, I will be looking at how these ways of knowing affect the way in which a complex topic is taught: the Second World War (WW2) and some of its events. I will be addressing knowledge issues, which are questions that relate to our understanding of the world and us, combined with our desire for knowledge. I will look at how the holocaust is possibly taught in a German school, as well as how the Kamikaze attacks are taught in a Japanese school. I will also look at the way these events have been taught to me, as someone who attends a British school. The knowledge issues that will form the basis of my essay are: how do languages affect our opinion of a historical event, what role does our reasoning have in understanding historical events and whether we can study history without reason and language. I will be arguing that language and reason do have definitive roles in history. If we are to look at how WW2 may be taught in Germany, we have to perhaps look at Germany’s stance on the event now. Indeed a survey in Sarah Ann Gordon’s Book Hitler, Germans and ‘The Jewish Question’, showed the sentiments of the German people in the years after WW21. This can be seen below:  Statement  Percentage of people who agree  Hitler was right in his treatment of the Jews.  0%  Hitler went too far in his treatment of the Jews, but something had to be done to keep them in bounds. The actions against the Jews were in no way justified.  77%  Indeed, judging by the above results, it is possible that the majority of Germans abhor the Holocaust. The way in which they do so however, is very much linked into their language. Germany would most likely not want a repeat of the events of WW2 and so the way in which it is taught is one in which the actions of the Nazi party is abhorred, perhaps even more so than in the schools of other countries. Indeed if you look at the response of German historians and their analysis of WW2, many have been damning of events such as the holocaust. This can be seen with Hans-Ulrich Wehler, who in a 2006 interview expressed his support for the imprisonment of the British historian, David Irving, for Holocaust denial2.

Oryx And Crake Essay Real One

Drawing parallels to modern society, Tattoo's three main concerns are the negative side of globalization, the loss of a middle class, the negative side of libations and excessive human exploitation for personal gain. Furthermore, the limited omniscient point of view and a metaphor helps to highlight the dark aspects of increasing globalization. In a globalizes world with endless flow Of information, people are exposed to excessive amounts Of negative data which makes everyone afraid. Atwood even gives the impression that she is not in favor of this trend: â€Å"too much hardware, too much software, too many performs† (34).This growing fear makes people realize the possibility of more threats. Therefore, groups of individuals, specially those inside the Compounds such as Organic, tend to isolate themselves within the safety and comfort of the Compound walls to avoid â€Å"too much envy, fanaticism and bad faith† (34) out in the Planeloads. Ultimately, the vast majority p rize their privacy more than ever since globalization not only benefits people by making it easier for them to connect together, but also leaves people more susceptible to bad influence from their surroundings.In this case, the limited omniscient point of view points out the limited social contact that the people of the Compounds have with the Planeloads. Although globalization might bring some groups closer, the profound effect actually divides society apart. Moreover, a metaphor is used to describe how the relationship between the Crackers and normal human beings relate to that of developed nations and developing nations. As the Crackers came into existence, humans are left behind as they lack the physical attributes and survivability in the midst of a pandemic apocalypse.In a similar way, less developed countries are cut off and are not receiving the plus side from the globalization of developed countries: eke the door of a great vault shutting' (50). Both literary devices stress the imminent occurrence of a more isolated world. Atwood examines the disappearance of the middle class by emphasizing the dichotomy of the upper and lower class through the usage of juxtaposition or contrast. The comparison is first made by describing the physical layout of the communities.Members of the elite live in heavily gated communities known as Compounds while the majority of the poor reside in the Planeloads or the cities in which public security is low. People of the Compounds are inconsiderably better off, possessing luxuries with the likes of ‘the house, the pool, the furniture† (33), as opposed to â€Å"the addicts, the muggers, the paupers, the crazies† (33) of the Planeloads roaming about the city wreaking havoc in the streets. Both classes have developed mistrust due to the seclusion and a lack of interaction: â€Å"Compound people didn't go to the cities unless they had to and then never alone† (33).From the noticeable segregation, a sens e of unity between the two is slowly slipping away with the possibility of causing disastrous consequences. Therefore, the elite have more power of taking advantage of the Planeloads for their own betterment. As one example of exploitation, corporations in the compound continuously create diseases targeted towards the Planeloads, thus making immense profit by forcing them to buy their medications, which often worsens their health.Without the middle class acting as a stabilizer, members of the upper class are more susceptible to immoral behavior towards the lower class, leading to extreme social imbalance. By using hyperbole and irony, Atwood argues that there will always be the exploitation of the poor and weak in society. Similar to Jimmies father, many medical workers Of the compound are always discovering new alternatives to gain profit from the poor: â€Å"The rewards in the case of success would be enormous† (65).Knowing that these people are desperate for sustenance and financial aid, they take advantage of their vulnerability and deceive them by using them as test subjects to test the deadly effects of their newly created diseases. These tests often have detrimental consequences to the test subjects, leading to physical impairment and sometimes death. The destitute individuals are compensated very little for their services and are mostly unaware of the deadly consequences that may arise.

Are Leaders Born Or Made How Do We Identify Leaders Do We Need Leaders Essay

Are Leaders Born Or Made How Do We Identify Leaders Do We Need Leaders In This Current Economic Climate - Essay Example This point has been explained in the present discourse by comparing two different organisations based on personal work experience. In the process, various aspects of leader and team behaviour, organisational systems, structure and management concepts have been used to explain leadership effectiveness and use of management concepts. This discourse presents an argument on leadership effectiveness in relation with leadership theories, management concepts and organisational culture. Leadership has been defined from different perspectives. Leadership at workplace has been the focus of many contemporary organisations. Contrary to the conventional management concepts and philosophy, the present-day organisations believe that leadership is essential for organisational sustenance. Daft defines leadership as the influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real change and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes (2007; p.4). In an organisational context, the essential eleme nts in leadership include the leader, influence, intention, personal responsibility and integrity, change, shared purpose, followers. These elements, although essential in any leadership concept, are specifically significant in an organisational context because this context brings together leaders by virtue of their position and people with a purpose. Such leadership is assigned leadership (Northouse, 2009). Another form of leadership is emergent leadership, which refers to leadership acquired by one’s actions, and ability to earn followers; this leadership is more commonly found in political groups, and lesser in organisational setups. Leadership has been defined in numerous ways by different people, and from different perspectives. One of the broad definitions proposed by Yuki is that leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accom plish shared objectives (, p.26). According to Bryman, â€Å"leadership is the creation of a vision about a desired future state which seeks to enmesh all members of an organisation in its net† (1986, p.6). Jackson and Parry (2007) highlight three aspects of leadership, which provide sufficient reasons to explore leadership. These aspects include the contemplative notion whether leaders were born or made; secondly, what are the characteristics of an effective leader; thirdly, what is the difference between leadership and management. These three aspects provide significant insight into the concept of leadership and management. Theoretical construct on the concept of leadership is vast and delves deep into aspects such as individuals’ personality, style, background etc (Contingency theories) along with situations (Situational leadership), culture, perceived values, vision (Visionary and transformational leadership) and even characteristics of followers. Various leadershi p characteristics have been proposed by many researchers, which gave rise to the trait theories of leadership. Some of the traits explained in these theories include intelligence, insight, responsibility, confidence, cognition, self-motivated, emotional intelligence etc (Northouse, 2007). Fiedler’s contingency theory of leadership emphasizes that leader’s effectiveness or the group’s performance is determined by leadership style and situational need. Leadership

Toxic Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Toxic Culture - Essay Example izational Culture, I will agree with Guthries position basing on the fact that it’s the leaders responsibility to create and shape the organizations culture (Guthrie, 2014). A study by Lin and McDonough (2011) clearly identifies that leadership has a direct influence on organization culture. The study shows that leaders cannot directly influence an organizations productivity; however, they can directly influence the organizations culture, which has a direct influence on the organizations productivity. Although in the beginning the leader is solely responsible for creating an organization culture, the culture starts to evolve with time and partly influences the organizations leadership. However, a leader who clearly understand the basic ideas of leadership and strives to help the organization achieve its goals should never claim ignorance of what is happening under their nose. They should understand that they are in control; therefore, their task is to constantly monitor the change in their organizations culture. That is to say if ‘the organizations culture turns toxic’ they should be responsible for condoning it since that is their responsibility. Guthrie, D. (2014, January 16). Whos to Blame for Creating a Toxic Organizational Culture? Retrieved from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougguthrie/2014/01/16/whos-to-blame-for-creating-a-toxic-organizational-culture/ Lin, H. E., & McDonough, E. F. (2011). Investigating the role of leadership and organizational culture in fostering innovation ambidexterity. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on, 58, (3): 497-509. Malby, B. (2007). How does leadership make difference to organizational culture and effectiveness? Retrieved from Nothern Leadership Academy:

International Trade & Institutions Business Report Essay

International Trade & Institutions Business Report - Essay Example hip brands namely Levi’s, Dockers, and Levis Strauss Signature suitable for a variety of consumers and have a strong global appeal (Just-Style, 2006). The corporation is organized into three geographic divisions – the Americas with San Francisco as the headquarters, Europe, Middle East and Africa (LSEMA), based in Brussels and the Asia Pacific Division (APD) based in Singapore. As of November 2005, the company sold through 55,000 retail locations across 100 countries. It has 107 own retail stores (those operated by self, independent franchisees and licensees) while in Europe and Asia it has 348 and 492 stores respectively (Just-Style). The company grew through acquisition and also licensed its name to be used on other products like shoes and socks. When the company ran into difficulties in early 1980s it entered into agreements with mass merchandisers to market its products (Mistler, 2001). By mid 1990s the company was back on track and started expanding in Eastern Euro pe and India as well. This report would look into the factors that led it to adopt a different approach in marketing its products in different regions and countries. Due to trade liberalization and enhanced communication, international trading has become a necessity in many sectors, one of them being the apparel sector. The internationalization process involves strategic and tactical decisions (GEB, 2006). The strategic decisions include foreign market selection, mode of entry decision, product portfolio strategies and market expansion strategies. The tactical decisions include the marketing mix strategy for individual country markets. Massive changes have come in after the apparel industry was freed from quota restrictions on 1st January 2005 after over forty years (Saheed, 2006). The enormous garment production capacity of many countries, so far locked due to quota has become available now. This has resulted in increased imports by US and Japan but lower imports in EU market due to decline in

Accounting for the success of 'Pinot Grigio', 'Prosecco' and 'Brunello Essay

Accounting for the success of 'Pinot Grigio', 'Prosecco' and 'Brunello di Montalcino' - Essay Example Pinot Grigio, Prosecco, and Brunello di Montalcino are Italian wines that are enjoying the success of their sales across the globe (Robinson 2006). This paper will account for the success of these wines, and how they sustain growth in the region they originate and outside world. Wine lovers always consider the vintage and type of wine they need to purchase. These are some of the reasons that some of the new wine does not get the success they so wilfully wish for, when it comes down to sales. The exportation of wine may be a number one revenue earner for some of the European countries. In France, for example, the number of cases of wine exported to countries like the USA and Russia in a year may amount to a high number of its revenue. This is why the importation of USA wine back in the day saw the destruction of property and the burning of shops. This was to ensure that the only sold wine in the area came from France. Pinot Grigio is a grape that is accredited with the success of the white wine. It is readily available in Italian restaurants, and is often considered light and easy. Young wine enthusiasts find it easier to connect with the white wine as it is the go-to wine for everyone who fancies a drink with their meals. In the USA, Pinot Grigio is considered to be the second best wine. It only plays second fiddle to Chardonnay, and is the most imported wine in the region. It is considered a symbol of the evolution or the beginning of the United States as a wine drinking capital (Maroni 2012). The sale of the wine has increased over the years as people are now changing from the occasional one-drink for special occasions, to the everyday dinner drink. It is this change that attributes the success of the wine commercially. An increase in consumer base, for any product, means that there must be an increase in sales. Manufacturers, therefore, have to be up to the task of trying to

American Politics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Politics and Society - Essay Example There have been frequent replacements of justices who have kept the Supreme Court attuned to the side of majority opinion. This fact finds support both theoretically, empirically and practically. Chief justice Rodger Taney and John Marshall have been replaced in mysterious circumstances. These replacement mechanisms have not been proven to be effective since the American citizens have occasionally raised eyebrows to the decisions made by the Court. There has been a definite number of years that a chief justice should remain in power. Between 1972 and 2004, a new justice could be appointed after a period of 4 years (Olshansky, 2010, p 90). In the recent past, justices have been appointed even after a tenure of 2 years. This has destabilized the Supreme Court as gaps have been left. Public trust has been lost and the minority does not see any need to seek a relief of the court. The attitudes and moods of many Supreme Court justices have been seen to shift regularly and significantly ov er time. Literature on public opinion on judicial decision making has suggested that judicial attitudes and changes in moods do reflect external social forces. However, attitudinal changes may be common among the justices as it is contrary thought. In the United States, the Courts mandate and the power to strike down the set laws and regulations expounds why this institution has received much criticism as an anti-democratic Court. An American scholar, Alexander Bickel from Yale, once supported this hypothesis and said that the Supreme Court was a deviant institution in the democracy of America (Rossum, 2001, p 56). It is an enemy of democracy as it exercises control against the prevailing majority which is contrary to the basics of democracy. At the beginning of the Republic, the Supreme Court was weaker than the president and the Congress. It observed a lot of care to win the faith of the public by passing only two federal laws between 1803 and 1857. The words of Justice Sandra Day Connor, that the judicial independence was under threat of influence by the powerful, have come to pass. Those who framed the U.S constitution expressed their reservations that the Supreme Court will one day be a threat to democracy (Yalof & Dautrich, 2013, 89). This is because it was seen as an institution that lacked money and soldiers to enforce its decrees. They also refuted the idea that the Court was inherently anti-democratic. If the Court would strike down the state and federal laws, it will be promoting democracy rather than thwarting it. The Court has been on the opposite side of the perceived will of those who framed the U.S constitution. In summary, the U.S citizens have accepted a large duty of the judicial branch in its undemocratic nature. The inherent mistrust of concentrated, seemingly unlimited authority, has given many American citizens a pause. A constitutional amendment, despite its complex nature of changing it, is welcome to reform the Supreme Court. Any inst itution, which is an enemy of democracy, is also an enemy of the people. It is very dangerous for people to trust an institution which will eventually turn them down. The status quo of the U.S Supreme Court cannot propel the democracy of Americans to any notch higher. A judicial system should be nonpartisan and should consider the effect of