Head Count System Using Artificial Intelligence Method Information Technology Essay

Composite Defects In Materials Literature †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Composite Defects In Materials Literature? Answer: Presentation Composites allude to materials more than one material, in order to exploit the auxiliary and mechanical properties of the trademark segments to frame a material with attractive properties. The structure of a composite involves the distinctive segment materials moving the powers it encounters to the neighboring auxiliary individuals from the composite structure. The business use of these components keeps on developing in the contemporary world, as the interest for materials with testing properties keeps on expanding. Consequently, standard material are consistently being supplanted by these composite materials particularly in the flight and space, just as the vehicle business, as this new type of composite materials show higher quality than that accomplished by the segment materials of a composite. Furthermore, these materials can be specially consolidated to think of thousands of various details in the mechanical building fields, with changing flexural and elastic qualities higher th an those of the composite materials(Persson, et al., 2007), p. 142). These materials additionally couple their high quality levels with low weight and low densities, making them proper for elite and configuration utilizes in these fields of mechanical designing. These materials keep up their toughness by having a weight that is not as much as that of different materials in their bore implying that they are preferable materials over all the once utilized in the aeronautics and robotization industry because of lower fuel cost economy. This accomplished using carbon composite materials in explicit pieces of the body of the plane or the vehicle, diminishing the heaviness of the structure by about portion of its unique weight (Landel Nielsen, 2013) p. 96). In such manner, disappointment of composite materials is reliant on the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of the constituent materials, just as the geometry and stacking types felt by the individual constituent materials. These components decide the appropriation and conditions of worry in the material and this thusly decides the mode and area of disappointment in the material(Huang Talreja, 2005) p. 1967). This paper along these lines dug into the impact of imperfections in the piece of composite materials and how they influence the materials capacity to move loads and worries to the adjoining individuals from the composite structure. Writing Review Composite materials are comprised of at least two segment materials whose general classifications are the support particles, filaments, or drops in a network of another material. The blend of the grid and the support shapes up a spasmodic material stage that is more grounded and even of a higher mechanical thickness than the constant type of the lattice material. The quality of these materials is incredibly dictated by the size of the fortifications and their conveyance inside the framework (Hutchinson Suo, 2011)p. 67). This is on the grounds that the quality of these materials is improved by the nearness of the support particles (Hocheng Tsao, 2006)p. 1407). During the time spent assembling these materials be that as it may, a few deformities may happen in the dispersion of the materials and this enormously impacts the quality and hardness of the composite material. Moreover, there are some fundamental deformities that must be set on the material for it to be relevant, for example, the poring of screwing openings. These exercises are the significant deformities that influence the dissemination and grouping of these support particles and in this way influencing their quality other synthetic properties. The deformities caused because of boring openings on the material are otherwise called roundabout imperfections and they could either be filled or left as they seem to be. The are different imperfections that exist inside the material, with the end goal that the dispersion and centralization of the fortification particles and strands isn't equivalent because of anomalies in the cover procedure of making the material. Imperfections can likewise be achieved because of gouges in the composite materials, as this influences the fixation and dissemination of particles (Wisnom, 2009)p. 1937). This should likewise be possible by the consideration of covers in the lattice segment and subsequently influencing the conveyance of the strengthening particles. (Fu, et al., 2008) p. 934) Fig 1. The order of composite materials and the fortification sorts The expansion of chips or particles into a nonstop network improves the particular modulus and the particular quality of the material, and along these lines improving the mechanical properties of the materials. Where E= Youngs modulus Material Density = extreme quality of the material These measures may in some cases contrast inside a similar material because of imperfections brought about by a lopsided appropriation and grouping of the support particles. The mechanical attributes of may incredibly vary inside the particles since the anomalies in dispersion and convergence of the particles may add to contrasts in the energy of material responses just as warm extension inside the material. Other fundamental properties of the material that are altogether influenced by these distinctions incorporate the fiber volume portion, explicit quality, shear stresses and strains, thickness, warm development and the chance of voids (Almeida Neto, 2004)p. 141). These properties can be handily examined in the research centers utilizing the trial of malleable stacking and twisting stacking. It is additionally essential to take note of that composite materials don't display flexibility because of the idea of the relationship of molecule fortified composite materials whose elastic stacking doesn't take into account malleability. Composite materials snap not long after the framework and the fortifications are isolated in strain, not at all like malleable materials like prepares and aluminum that display malleability and take some pliancy before cracking. Disappointment in these composite materials is aggregate in that harms should include occurred inside the material under burden until when all the fortifications have been totally disassociated from the framework and from one another. The disassociation happens in three unique components, which involve the breaking of the fortification particles or strands, trailed by the network material splitting, and afterward at last the de-holding of the interface, which is the interface between the fiber and the grid. In a circumstan ce where the conveyance and centralization of these filaments of the support material is lopsided or sporadic, the breaking of the material turns out to be path simpler as the procedure of the fortification being broken could either require additionally stacking or less, and accordingly the cracking of composites is incredibly affected by the dispersion and convergence of the support particles. It is likewise essential to call attention to that every disassociation step in the composite cracking procedure brought about by various sorts of stacking. This implies the distinctions in mechanical properties influence the method of event of every one of these back to back procedures in during breaking. The even conveyance and centralization of support particles and fiber inside the grid material prompts a uniform appropriation of the harms brought about by the heap inside the material, which at that point blend to make significantly bigger splits inside the material and along these lines cracking or disappointment. The interface between the support and the network is predominantly added to by shear stresses, which cause disappointment in the interface due to moving that shear worry between the fortification particles and the lattice. Therefore, the interfaces that have high solidarity to shear pressure along these lines show significant levels of solidarity and solidness, in spit e of the fact that the sturdiness of the materials is undermined by this viewpoint. Therefore, having feeble interfaces areas permits the framework to avoid the splits on the lattice a similar way with the interface, and hence permitting the firmness and quality of the material to be low and the disappointment sturdiness of the material to be low. The shear quality in the interface would thus be able to be utilized to decide the disassociation technique stages. At long last, the quality of the molecule or fiber fortifications decides a definitive quality of the composite material. Consequently, the appropriation and convergence of the fortification particles is of key significance to the quality, solidness, and strength of the material (Nik, et al., 2014) p. 164). Deformities affect the dissemination and convergence of these materials as they lessen the grouping of the support particles and strands inside the network material and in this manner make the material more fragile than if they had not existed. In the longitudinal malleable stacking conditions, the normal pressure (s1) is similarly circulated over the whole composite material. Taking into account that the balance stacking is an aggregate of the stacking powers felt through the interface, the lattice and the support: s1 A =sf Af + sm Am + si Ai (1) Where f is for zone of the fiber m for zone of the network I is for zone of the interface and A = Af + Am+Ai Along these lines, separating condition 1 by An on the two sides, we get: s1 V =sf Vf + sm Vm + si Vi (2) where f is for volume proportion of the fiber m for volume proportion of the network I is for volume proportion of the interface and A = Af + Am+Ai (Adams Cawley , 2008) p. 211) At last since composite materials are possibly influenced by surrenders if the imperfections influence the circulation and convergence of the support particles and filaments. This gives composite materials a bit of leeway of not being influenced by physical harms that don't meddle with the interior structure of the material. Hence, abandons don't prompt the harm of the material when it is presented to zones of high temperatures, destructive

Web Design Principles of Successful Websites

Web Design Principles of Successful Websites © Shutterstock.com | GeorgejmclittleIn this article, we will learn various web design principles to be considered to create a technically as well as visually good website. We will also learn the various elements that can help come up with an effective overall design. In order to do so, the article is divided into two parts: 1) a brief introduction to web design and 2) web design principles.A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO WEB DESIGNWhat is Web Design?Web design is a concept of planning, creating, and maintaining websites. The very process of using creativity to design and construct a website and updating it regularly to incorporate changes is also referred to as web designing. Besides the creation and updating, this concept also involves taking care of the user interface, the architecture of information present, the layout, the colors, content, navigation ergonomics, as well as the designs of the various icons. Some other areas in web design include search engine optimization, user experienc e designs, standardized codes, graphic design, as well as interface design.Web designing is a process that can be done by anyone who has the right knowledge of the various disciplines involved but is usually best handled by professionals known as web designers. The term ‘web design’ may also point to the visual aspect of a website but in truth it also overlaps with the process of web development in a more broad sense. The process not only includes front end designing but also the process of writing the markup.Basic elements of a good web designIn order to come up with a good web design and an effective visual and technical appeal of a website, there are some elements that must be incorporated. To know more about these elements, you can go through the following given points:Shape On most websites and webpages, the shapes used are squares or rectangular but they don’t necessarily have to be. Shapes are responsible for the creation of an enclosed boundary in the overall design, and you can experiment with any shape you seem suitable. It can either be a geometric shape or any other abstract shape that fits in the design.Texture Texture is one element that can help provide your website with a feeling of a surface beneath. There are several types of textures that you can incorporate, and some of them include natural textures and artificial textures. This element must be used in such a way that it brings out the content given on the website and makes it look more appealing.Direction Direction is the element of a web design which is responsible for lending it movement or motion. A good web design is one which automatically makes our eyes move from one corner or content of the website to another, according to relevance or hierarchy.Color Another basic element of a good website is the use of color. A black and white website may work for certain niches like photography websites, but it is always better to raise the appeal of a website using colors in a creative way. The colors are added in the later stage and not during the designing.WEB DESIGN PRINCIPLESWeb design is not only about how the website looks and feels but is also a lot about how it works and responds. When web designers work on a website, they incorporate not just those elements that add a visual appeal to it but also try to make it highly responsive, functional, quick and useful. In order to create a highly usable and effective website, designers follow certain principles that act as thumb rules or standard points to keep in mind. The following are the various principles of an effective web design:Web design principle #1.     Highly intuitive structureThe first law or principle of usability of a website says that a web page must have a highly intuitive structure and should be simple to understand so that users would not have to think which way to go. It must be self-explanatory in an obvious kind of way. Don’t let any question marks or queries come up and make the navigati on intuitive and simple. This helps to increase the usability of the website and also makes it much more engaging. The structure must be free from lots of cognitive load so that visitors don’t have to wonder how to move from point A to point B.Web design principle #2.     Visual hierarchyThe next principle that contributes to creating a successful and effective website is a visual hierarchy. Visual hierarchy is the order or sequence in which our eye moves and perceives the things it sees. When it comes to a web page, the visual hierarchy can be referred to the sequence in which our eye moves from one topic/content/block to another. When designing a web page, a designer first need to identify the order of importance of the various topics and then place them in such a way that the visitors first view what is most important and then move onto the others in a hierarchical manner.There are two ways to create a visual hierarchy, and they are given as follows:Size hierarchy As the name suggests, size hierarchy is the kind of hierarchy in which the most important content or image is of the largest size on a webpage, followed by the second most important content or image in the second largest size and so on. The distinction in sizes should be such that a visitor would view the items in the order of importance, and the pecking order of things is obvious.Content hierarchy Besides the hierarchy of size, which is one of the best ways to create the order of importance, another way you can incorporate this principle is by creating a hierarchy of content. You can place content in such a way that the human eye first travels to the content that is most important, for example, the business’s objective or purpose and then moves to the less important content blocks in a hierarchical order.Web design principle #3.     AccessibilityAnother highly important principle that must not be ignored when designing a web page or website is the accessibility of it. When a visitor enters the website, he/she must be able to access each bit of information in the easiest manner. This means that the text must be legible, the colors must not be harsh on the eyes and the background must not overpower the content, etc. To make the website accessible to everyone, you can follow some of the following points:Typefaces Make sure you select a font type and font size which is readable to all and is not too fancy for some to access or understand. For example, Fonts like Verdana, Times New Roman, Arial, etc. are simple fonts that almost everyone can easily read online. Similarly, the font size that works the best is 16 px but you can be a little flexible with it.Colors As far as the user experience is concerned, your color scheme and contrast must be well thought of and should be able to create visual harmony and balance. It is always better to choose contrasting colors for the background and written content so that it can be easily read. Choose a darker text color and a lighter background shade so that the result is easy to the eyes. Extra bright colors must be used sparingly.Images Do you know that the human mind perceives and processes images a lot faster than text? Well, it is thus a good idea to choose and place the right images on your web pages to communicate with the audiences in a better way. Make sure they are high-quality images and are suitable for your purpose.Web design principle #4.     Hick’s lawHick’s law states that ‘with every additional choice increases the time required to take a decision. This law does not only hold true for web design but also in a number of other situations and settings. For example, if you visit a restaurant and are provided with too many food items to pick from, you will take a longer time to take a decision. As far as web designing is concerned, the more options you offer to your visitors, the more difficult will the website become to use and browse through. This means that we need to reduce the number of choices in order to provide a better user experience. Distracting options have to be eliminated to aid increased sales and better overall profit.Hick’s law can also be translated to ‘More options mean less sales’ In order to incorporate this law without having to sacrifice giving all product or service options that you have, you can organize the products in a hierarchy with the main categories shown in the sidebar and all the products of that category in a separate list.Web design principle #5.     Fitt’s LawAnother law that acts as a major principle in web design is Fitt’s law. According to this law, the time needed to move to a target is dependent upon the size of the target as well as the distance to the target. This means that the larger the object or target and the closer it is in the distance, the easier would it be to move to it or reach it. This law can effectively be incorporated in web design and is something that can enhance your web design by leaps and bounds. However, this does not mean that the bigger, the better but means that usability factor of a target runs as a curve and not as a straight line. When you apply this law to your web design, then users may be more motivated and encouraged to press the button that you want them to press.If you want your website visitors to take actions like order a product, read about a service or click on something, then you must make sure that they can reach the ‘click here’ more easily and quickly. Thus, it is a good idea to consider this law and use it well.Web design principle #6.     Communication and contentEveryone who visits your website is looking for some or the other kind of information or content, and thus it is very important for you to communicate with them clearly and in an engaging manner. Your information must be compelling, easy to read and easy to process. Communication is not just about providing written information but also about offering images, infographics and another form o f media such as videos and audio pieces. Web design takes into consideration a concept called ‘Visible language’. According to this concept, visible language is the content people see on the screen and involves three fundamental principles. They are given as follows:Organize The first principle of visible language or effective communication is to provide the visitors of your website a clear and highly consistent layout or structure. Some important parts of the organization of concept include the layout involving the division of content, consistency, navigation, as well as visual appeal. In order to make your website communicate effectively, you need to organize and place your blocks of information in an easy to process manner.Economize This principle involves achieving more by utilizing less. This means that you must try to deliver the most information by taking helping of less visual elements. The design or layout must be free of clutter, should be simple and must have a high degree of clarity. It must throw emphasis on what is important and create distinctiveness between different elements.Communicate The user interface of the web design must be such that users are able to understand everything in the most convenient way. There must be a balance between readability, legibility, color, texture, and views.Besides this, the content given on the website must be appropriate, well written, and easy to understand and should be written keeping in mind the concept of search engine optimization. It is important that you adjust the style of writing according to the preference of the target audience and avoid promotional writing. The writing must pull visitors and must leave them intrigued and wanting for more. It must clearly spell out what you do and what you aim to achieve.Web design principle #7.     White space and simple designA simple design is an effective design. Complexity is just not something that a visitor wants to see on your web page, and one of th e most important aspects of a simple design is white space. White space is something that web designers must not be afraid of. White space not only helps to take the cognitive load off the website but also makes it easier for users to perceive the information provided on the website. White space helps to divide the web page into several distinct parts or areas which makes it simpler to process information. It is always better to have a whitespace solution to the problem of complex hierarchical structures. The following are some of the other things that can be considered as a part of a simple design:Grid-based layout To avoid a messy structure or appearance of the website, you must opt for a grid-based layout in which content is divided into columns, boxes, and different sections.F-pattern design It is a fact that the human eye scans screens in an ‘F’ pattern. Thus, it is a good idea to design a web page or website in a way that complements the natural reading behavior of the v isitors.Conventional designs Conventional designs are not always boring and rather work well as far as visitor response or likeability is concerned. They add a hint of trust, reliability as well as brand credibility.Web design principle #8.     Regular testingTest Early and Test Often or ‘TETO’ is another web design principle that all designers and website owners must consider. Conducting usability tests every now and then provide important results and insights into many kinds of problems and complications related to a website layout or aspects of design. What happens is that websites often tend to get into certain issues and by not testing them often, they may create issues that could be driving visitors away. Websites constantly need upgrades and updates so as to maintain the visitor footsteps and customer interest.The following are some points you must keep in mind to test your webpage or website:Testing one user at the beginning of a project is better than testing 50 users towards the end as it makes way for improvements that could prove important for driving traffic and increasing sales. Also solving errors during process is least expensive rather than later.Another point to be kept in mind is that testing is an iterative process which means that designers must first design, then test, then fix and then test again. There is a strong chance that there may be some problems that were not solved the first time because of diversion of attention to other major issues.

The Current Mla Format And Guidelines - 1511 Words

Mrs. Pruitt’s Research Paper Guide Paper Requirements †¢ The length of the research paper must be no less than 1,500-words and no more than 2,500-words. The 2,500-word limit does not apply to notes or to the annotated bibliography. In-text citations are required. If your sources are not acknowledged, your paper will receive a zero and will be required to be rewritten for a lower grade because this is considered plagiarism. No more than five quotations are allowed in your paper. †¢ The research paper must follow the current MLA format and guidelines to pass. See chart below on how to properly format your paper. †¢ Separation of Primary and Secondary Sources are required. Separate your bibliography into two sections: one for primary sources and one for secondary sources. Some sources may be considered either primary or secondary so use your annotations to explain your reason for classifying any sources that are not clearly primary or secondary. Listing a source under both primary and secondary is not allowed. †¢ Each component of the research paper will be assigned a grade and each component will then become part of the research paper s culminating final grade. Grading †¢ This grade is calculated to include the component parts of the paper along with the final product. The research paper is worth 20% of the final grade. ï‚ § Topic Chosen-100 points ï‚ § Brainstorm and Detailed Outline-100 points ï‚ § Source Cards (5 minimum)-100 points †¢ Sources should include a minimum ofShow MoreRelatedMajor City Recycling Initiatives1038 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States. Your assignment is to prepare a short research paper (275–300 words) giving an overview of the history and current policies in large cities. The requirements are that the paper be presented according to the MLA documentation style and have three references. One of the three references must be from the Web. 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Essay on Why Framers Chose Federalism - 1198 Words

Introduction: Federalism is a system of government that divides governing power and authority between the national governments and the state governments (Bowman). In 1787, the framers of the constitution chose this specific type of government to rule over the United States. I will show you that the framers chose this system of government for several different types of reasons. Reasons are because the national government was not strong enough, to maintain the states sovereignty, and it will protect individual liberty. I will also show you how the 10th Amendment, Concurrent Powers, and Block Grants each apply to the federalist system of government. You will see why the framers chose Federalism and understand how Block Grants, Concurrent†¦show more content†¦For example, Texas could not make a law forbidding women to vote, because the national government has said that it is a right for all citizens of this country. There are many laws that the states may have, there’s tr affic laws, criminal laws, property laws and many others. For example, Colorado is allowed to give the death penalty to someone who has committed a murder. Federalism made it so that the states were still able to do what they wanted to do, but with a little more control and organization. Protecting Individual Liberty Liberty is the condition of being free from restriction. It is the right to act, believe, or express oneself in a manner. The Framers of the constitution believed that any governmental power was a threat to our individual liberty, and that the exercise of governmental power should be restrained. They felt that to divide governmental power prevented the abusement of liberty. Since the powers is shared between the federal and state governments, it prevents either one of the governments from going corrupt and denying personal liberty. Federalism also protects the liberty of all persons within a State by ensuring that laws that are enacted in excess of delegated governmental power cannot direct or control their actions. Federalism: The 10th Amendment The 10th amendment is basically almost the meaning of federalism. This brief statement says â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by theShow MoreRelatedFederalism And The Other Federalism849 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve researched different texts and different information on the topic of federalism to have a good understanding and knowledge of it. I found many sources of great information to learn about federalism and how it influences many countries in the world that we know today. 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Case Study Product Innovation at Bank of America Free Essays

string(107) " the we have limited information about an opportunity Voice of the Customer and the related customer need\." BANKING STRATEGIES Case Study: Product Innovation at Bank of America By Cindy Murray What ? nancial institutions can learn from inventions and innovations in other industries. owhere is innovation more essential to survival than in the banking industry. In the payments domain, for example, nonbank competitors less constrained by bank regulations and therefore more agile are changing the banking industry’s grip on the public perception of banks as the only trusted brand for holding and moving money. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Product Innovation at Bank of America or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, innovation is challenging for banks. Many products, like payments, are a commodity. A vast number of products and a complex infrastructure require continual upgrades to keep apace with technology advancements and comply with evolving regulations and security requirements. This article describes how Bank of America fosters a culture of innovation. Pivotal to an innovative culture is the direct engagement of clients in the innovation process. We highlight some of the ways that Bank of America achieves this. But ? rst we’ll look at the role of innovation process in building brand loyalty. N Build Brand Equity Through Progressive Transformation Change can occur by rede? ning a problem or rede? ing a solution. According to Robert Sternberg, a leading creativity expert,1 creativity is the ability to rede? ne a problem. Innovation can be viewed as the ability to rede? ne a solution. Successful innovation is a process over time—one that typically happens in increments rather than leaps. Rarely is a single innovation a game changer. In banking, 90 percent of in novation focuses on core competencies (that is, business-as-usual innovation), seven percent on game-changing innovation MAY–JUNE 2009 within core competencies and only three percent on leaps that signi? cantly shift the client experience. Outside of banking, an evolutionary approach to innovation is also the rule, not the exception. Continual improvements throughout a product’s life cycle build brand equity. Take the case of Nabisco’s Oreo cookie, the bestselling cookie in the United States. In 1912, Nabisco came up with the idea of two chocolate disks with cream ? lling in between. Since then it has released Double Stuff cookies with more ? lling; fudge-covered Oreos; holiday cookies, including Halloween and Christmas cookies; bite-sized Oreos for children; and reduced-fat Oreos. Oreos illustrate two important aspects of product innovation. First, Nabisco stayed close to its customers. It understood how needs varied among consumers and changed over time. The company developed its product to meet the needs of a continually broader set of consumers. Second, the example illustrates an incremental approach to innovation that focuses on advancing core products. The iPod was at once the next step in an evolutionary process and also a creative leap. This product integrated a number of capabilities in a portable device, but it was not the ? rst MP3 player. However, the concept of iTunes was a new business model that changed the way consumers could store and listen to music. The iPod was transformative, too, because it aligned with changing consumer behavior re? ected in trends of mobility and customization. Technology enabled a tipping point. Consumers were ready to embrace a leap. Cindy Murray is Head of Product Innovation at Bank of America. Contact her at cindy. murray@bankofamerica. com. COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW 35 Banking Strategies way that stays close to customers’ evolving needs. For example, through ethnographic research, we discovered a common practice among consumers of rounding up when writing checks. We took the idea of rounding up and turned it on its head—rede? ing Innovation is a process over time—an evolutionary the problem by associating payments with savings. path. An incremental approach to innovation mirrors How can we foster increased saving? With Keep the the gradual way in which people change. Consumer Change, each time a customer pays using a Bank of behavior tends to change gradually. Successful innovation is customer driven. It gets as America check card, the bank rounds the payment close as possible to the customer’s current process. to the nearest dollar and transfers the extra change A deep understanding of how customers operate to the customer’s savings account. oday—and why they do what they do—gives inNow, instead of check writers rounding up, the sight into how to improve the process; how to create bank does it for them—but in a way that builds their a step forward for the customer. savings. The solution also facilitates increased use of Further, by directly engaging customers in the indebit cards, thereby supporting retailers’ efforts to novation process, they become deeply committed discourage check payments. It was also a timely soluto, and invested in, a solution, which took advantage tion’s evolutionary path. f evolving consumer beThis makes innovation a havior toward increased primary differentiator, ancard usage. Change can occur by rede? ning a other way of creating value Ethnographic research problem or rede? ning a solution. for customers by enriching has also been key to improvtheir experience and reining our electronic banking forcing loyalty over time. platform, CashPro, over Staying close to the customer is one of the most importime. For example, we designed an enhancement based tant attributes of a successful innovation process. on a typical client work ? ow for handling exceptions. By closely watching how 15 companies were posting their receivables, we identi? ed a common practice of Get Close to the Customer placing a sticky note on invoices when they did not match payment. Staff would then fax an invoice to At Bank of America, customers play a key role at the salesperson to inquire about the discrepancy. We every stage of the product innovation process. There incorporated an electronic sticky note with email capaare a number of ways in which we directly engage bility in CashPro, so that clients could maintain their our customers throughout product development. ork-? ow process in the online environment. We use a range of formal techniques for idea generation. Formal techniques focus on gaining deepened client insight and are important when Amplify the we have limited information about an opportunity Voice of the Customer and the related customer need. You read "Case Study Product Innovation at Bank of America" in category "Essay examples" Formal idea mining t ypically requires expertise through our internal innovation group or external specialized vendors. CashPro is a great example both of innovating in Ethnographic research is an important tool for increments to improve a product over time and of engenerating innovation ideas. Observation provides gaging clients in an evolutionary innovation process. insight into customer behavior and needs. ReturnWith CashPro, we established a customer advisory ing to the Oreo example, the idea for a bite-sized board, which has been closely involved in the prodcookie began to germinate when Nabisco researchers uct’s development. With CashPro, the innovation watched young children grapple with dunking the process becomes part of the client experience, thereby full-sized cookie in smaller cups. increasing customer satisfaction. For example, with Ethnographic research helps Bank of America CashPro, clients prefer self-service for upgrades. understand how to advance our core products in a They are fully vested in the change process. Engage Clients in the Evolutionary Path 36 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW MAY–JUNE 2009 Banking Strategies Our strategic client program, Treasury Exchange, At the other end of the spectrum, responsibility serves to amplify our voice of the customer research. for innovation can be centralized in a shared serClients are long-term program members in senior vice center. At Bank of America, we have dedicated treasury and/or ? nance roles within their organizastaff focused on game-changing innovations. At tions. They meet regularly—at frequencies varying the same time, our entire organization recognizes from once per quarter to yearly. The program enables the importance of ongoing process improvement participants to share insights on best practices and and enhancements. learn from each other, while helping us to better understand their challenges and needs. A detailed executive Work with Peers summary that identi? s key discussion themes helps pinpoint areas for deepening discussion and exploraTo maintain a competitive edge, banks increasingly tion. Conference calls exploring priority topics serve will look for ways to work with clients, technolas touch points between in-person meetings. ogy companies and other ? nancial institutions We also look to Treasury Exchange members to to combine strengths. For example, in May 2008, validate and ? esh out new product ideas and to Bank of America announced a partnership with provide validation at points in the product develWells Fargo called Pariter Solutions LLC. The opment cycle. Treasury 50-50 joint venture will Exchange members have operate the commercialsubmitted innovation ized ACH platform that ideas under the auspices will be leveraged by the An incremental approach to of the program. Customer two banks. The goal is to innovation mirrors the gradual way advisory boards and spegain economies of scale in which people change. cial client programs like and better position both Treasury Exchange augbanks to develop future ment our extensive voice products with a single of the customer research. nvestment in the underlying processing engine instead of duplicative investments. It’s a platform for growth and innovation. Cultivate a Culture of Innovation It’s important to be open to ideas from all sources. That’s part of cultivating a culture of innovation. At Bank of America, all associates are invited to collaborate in the innovation process. For example, associates can submit their ideas online via IdeasZone, an internal intranet site. These ideas are funneled into the idea stream and receive equal attention within our innovation process. Collaborate with Technology Innovators In banking, technology is an enabler of innovation. Therefore, it’s important that banks collaborate with their technology providers. Bank of America’s collaboration with Microsoft is a great example of how we work with technology companies to develop innovative applications. Cash positioning and forecasting continue to be key client challenges. We spoke with clients to determine how they perform cash positioning and forecasting. Treasurers might use a treasury workstation, an Excel spreadsheet or a combination of tools. However, treasurers who rely on treasury workstations typically supplement their process with an Excel spreadsheet. Our research also con? rmed that many clients have dif? culty building a historical database of information for trend analysis to support forecasting. COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW Foster Employees There are different options for organizational structure to foster an innovative environment. At Google, it’s part of everyone’s job to innovate. There is a decentralized approach to innovation in which all employees are engaged and given incentives. It’s built into their objectives and re? ected in their salary increases and bonuses. MAY–JUNE 2009 37 Banking Strategies Bank of America worked with Microsoft to develop CashPro Accelerate. This tool accepts information feeds across all of a client’s bank accounts and automates the cash-positioning process. It also builds a historical database that clients can use for forecasting. Keep Moving Forward â€Å"I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward. †Ã¢â‚¬â€Thomas Edison With an inventor’s mind-set, the idea of failure is a fallacy. Some who know best have even looked at failures as a continual path forward. Besides being the still-unrivaled record holder of 1,093 U. S. patents, Thomas Edison broadened the concept of the invention to what’s known today as â€Å"innovationinvention,† R D and commercialization. 3 Innovative companies ? nd ways to leverage new insights to keep moving forward. The creation of 3M Post-it notes is a classic story of turning failure on its head and using creativity to rede? ne a problem. Spencer Silver was working on developing a strong adhesive but invented a weak one instead. Silver’s colleague Arthur Fry came up with a novel application for the weak adhesive, which became the basis for Post-it notes—a new vehicle for communication—which Bank of America used in its CashPro innovation. Sometimes the leap is in how we look at things. Build a Brain Trust In a September 2008 issue of H ARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Ed Catmull, cofounder of Pixar and the president of Pixar and Disney Animation Studios, talked about how Pixar fosters collective creativity. One of Pixar ’s core operating principles is that, â€Å"We must stay close to innovations happening in the academic community. 2 It’s part of the company’s effort to eliminate boundaries between different disciplines. Earlier this year, Bank of America and MIT’s Media Laboratory announced the creation of the Center for Future Banking. Over the next ? ve years, Bank of America will contribute $3 million to $5 million annually. The center is a prototype for how busin ess and academia can work together to invent the future of an entire industry. It will bring together researchers with radically different perspectives, including behavioral economists, social scientists, computer scientists, psychologists, designers and others. The goal is to trigger unexpected new ideas that lead to innovation leaps in banking. Test, Learn, Evolve This inventor mentality is at the heart of our testand-learn environment, in which we deploy an initial solution design to get ? rsthand feedback from clients on its usability and value. At this stage, the intent is to address any issues or opportunities in the next iteration of the design. The process enables us to evolve our product design before we get to the pilot stage. As an iterative process, the test-andlearn environment is a microcosm of the broader innovation process focused at a certain point in the development process. The Intelligent Cash Manager, a new end-to-end Bank of America solution, gives a live example of the test-and-learn approach. The solution concept germinated in a series of Treasury Exchange meetings, where clients identi? ed cash handling and deposit as a major pain point. It’s an ATM-like machine that counts cash, accepts it for deposit and provides safekeeping. An issue related to jamming surfaced in the test-and-learn environment, which will inform a solution redesign. MAY–JUNE 2009 Choose Winning Concepts Vetting ideas and building a business case are key steps in the innovation process. Bank of America uses a scoring technique as part of our process for vetting ideas. Scoring criteria include whether a concept matches to plan objectives, whether it has wide applicability, its level of innovativeness and complexity and the potential magnitude of its impact. At Bank of America, for example, out of 919 ideas received this year, 10 have been submitted for funding in 2009. Building a business case is a key step. An effective business case must describe the opportunity and its alignment with strategy and also describes the target client and market within the context of the competitive landscape. Finally, it outlines the proposed approach, the risk and the ? nancial opportunity. 38 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW Banking Strategies Storyboarding is a creative technique used in the early stage of ? lmmaking. Storyboarding can help speed time-to-market. By not building the entire product—but rather using storyboards and prototypes in a test-and-learn environment—we retain ? exibility even as we move further into the product-development process. Flexibility enables us to prioritize the most important features and integrate feedback and new insights from customers. It helps us to make smart choices with our investment dollars as products take more tangible form. The Next Leap in the Innovation Process The ability to synthesize information into insights will be an increasingly important part of creating a valuable client experience—not only banks connecting to customers—but of customers connecting to each other for insight. Incubation and the cross-fertilization of ideas are important to the creative process. Bank of America is integrating online networking into its innovation process. For example, we are connecting participants in the Treasury Exchange program to an online forum. Our long-term vision is to link our various Treasury Exchange client groups—which are based on industry, function and geography—into a clientcentric global collaborative network. We also plan to introduce online ideation as a way to collaborate with Treasury Exchange participants on innovation. More broadly, the idea of integrating social networking into the bank’s innovation process holds tremendous promise. With our consumer base of 59 million households, social networking can be a powerful tool for engaging customers ? rsthand in product development. hen the next step integrates multiple aspects to transform the end-to-end client experience. To cite an earlier example, the iPod integrates communication speed, mobility and storage capacity. All of these come together, along with consumer readiness for change and the introduction of the iTunes business model. Within the banking realm, clients increasingly want banking solutions to integrate into their flowâ€⠀whether flow constitutes, for example, a mobile consumer or the workflow related to a treasurer’s broader financial processes. The need to integrate payments in the broader customer experience will involve mobile technology in some form and the analysis of information to provide insight. For corporate customers, banks are already delivering time-sensitive information to personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cell phones. Information analysis and synthesis could help treasurers to improve broader ? nancial processes (for example, accounts payable or receivable), help optimize working capital and minimize cost and use payment information to deepen insight into customer behavior. We are already seeing merchants, for example, use consumer payment information to tailor coupons to a customer ’s buying preferences. Banks can deliver robust information to consumers, for example, to help them weigh product features and engage in ? nancial planning to evaluate a purchase within a desired spending budget. Perhaps, ultimately, clients will want to take their bank accounts with them, storing virtual money inside their mobile phones. Banks have an opportunity to reassert their unique role as the trusted brand in storing and moving money. Innovation will be critical to our success. What Might Be the Next Leap in Banking? Successful innovation continuously improves aspects of the customer’s experience. Leaps occur Endnotes 1 2 3 Professor at Tufts University; research focuses on creativity. How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity, HARVARD BUS. REV. , Sept. 2008, at 71. The Edison Papers, http://edison. rutgers. edu/biogrphy. htm. MAY–JUNE 2009 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. How to cite Case Study Product Innovation at Bank of America, Free Case study samples

Teenagers and Reproductive Rights free essay sample

This paper analyzes teenage sexual freedom given the new legalized rights of teens and their experience in other aspects of the law. This paper assesses the increased rights of youth (such as lowered voting age) and queries whether this should be extended to sexual freedom and women given the legal right to make this decision from a younger age, including concepts such as parental involvement, abortion, and specific attitudes of abortion with regards to rape and incest. Looks at the pros and cons of both sides. Ultimately concludes a female teen has to accept responsibility for her sexual actions, since it is she who takes ownership of her body. Teenagers make their own private decisions about engaging in sex and should be given the right to be the sole decider of their own reproductive fate. A teenage female who is sexually active is in essence taking responsibility for the consequences. If she opts for birth control, that is her decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers and Reproductive Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If she becomes pregnant, parental consent should not be a factor in deciding whether a teenager can obtain an abortion. In accepting her own physical maturity, a teenage female also accepts adult responsibility. As a teenage legal right, a female teen takes ownership of her adult body and owns her own behavior by making her own decision to abort or deliver a child.